{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:56:12Z","timestamp":1791248172771,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a well-known RNA virus that affects domestic dogs and all families of wild terrestrial carnivores. Spillover infections from wildlife to domestic animals are mitigated by preventive vaccination, but there is limited information on the off-label use of veterinary vaccines for wildlife like raccoons (Procyon lotor). Twenty wild-caught raccoons were inoculated with a commercial recombinant DNA canarypox-vectored CDV vaccine, applying a regimen of two serial doses by SC route with an interval of 25-28 days between doses. The CDV serum virus neutralizing antibody (VNA) baseline titers and the postvaccination titers were measured at fixed time points. Forty percent (8\/20) of the wild-caught raccoons had CDV VNA titers of 1:8 or greater upon intake, and all but a single individual were juvenile animals. Approximately one month following the first vaccine dose, 8% (1\/12) of raccoons seronegative at baseline had serum CDV VNA titers of 1:24 or greater. Approximately one month following the booster vaccine dose, 67% (8\/12) of raccoons seronegative at baseline had serum CDV VNA titers of 1:24 or greater. Among raccoons with CDV VNA titers greater than or equal to 1:8 at baseline, 13% (1\/8) demonstrated a fourfold or greater rise in titer one month after the first vaccine dose, whereas 38% (3\/8) reached the same threshold one month after the booster dose. The presence of naturally acquired CDV VNA in juvenile raccoons at the time of vaccination may have interfered with the humoral VNA response. A regimen of at least two serially administered SC vaccine doses may be immunogenic for raccoons, but further investigation of alternative routes, regimens, and CDV vaccine products is also warranted for this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2023-0078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T09:28:49Z","timestamp":1718270929000},"page":"462-465","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SEROLOGICAL RESPONSE TO CANINE DISTEMPER VACCINATION IN WILD CAUGHT RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Molly R.","family":"Selleck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shylo R.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy T.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SL Deem, LH Spelman, RA Yates, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  31, \"Canine distemper in terrestrial carnivores: A review.\" 441 (2000)","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2000)031[0441:CDITCA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DE. Roscoe,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  29, \"Epizootiology of canine distemper in New Jersey raccoons.\" 390 (1993)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-29.3.390"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TL Fry, KK Vandalen, SA Shriner, et al.  \"Vaccine.\"  31, \"Humoral immune response to oral rabies vaccination in raccoon kits: Problems and implications.\" 2811 (2013)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.04.016"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"(2021)","DOI":"10.5066\/F7KH0KBK"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Antonello, RJ Grant-Klein, R Nichols, et al.  \"Vaccine.\"  38, \"Serostatus cutoff levels and fold increase to define seroresponse to recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus\u2013Zaire Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein vaccine: an evidence-based analysis.\" 4885 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.04.061"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MJ Appel  and BA Summers  \"Vet Microbiol.\"  44, \"Pathogenicity of morbilliviruses for terrestrial carnivores.\" 187 (1995)","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(95)00011-X"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MJ Appel, RA Yates, GL Foley, et al.  \"J Vet Diagn Investig.\"  6, \"Canine distemper epizootic in lions, tigers, and leopards in North America.\" 277 (1994)","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879400600301"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KT Bentler, DN Gossett, JJ Root,  \"Wildl Society Bulletin.\"  36, \"A novel isoflurane anesthesia induction system for raccoons.\" 807 (2012)","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.193"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Chandramohan, P Coleman, C Nelson, et al.  \"Vaccine.\"  25, \"A new approach to the definition of seroconversion following vaccination in a population with high background antibody concentrations.\" A58 (2007)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.04.042"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TA Georoff, EC Ramsay, ZS Gyimesi, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  50, \"Review of canine distemper vaccination use and safety in North American captive large felids (panthera spp.) from 2000 to 2017.\" 778 (2020)","DOI":"10.1638\/2018-0163"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JA Lednicky, J Dubach, MJ Kinsel, et al.  \"Virol J.\"  1, \"Genetically distant American canine distemper virus lineages have recently caused epizootics with somewhat different characteristics in raccoons living around a large suburban zoo in the USA.\" 1 (2004)","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-1-2"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"KE Quesenberry  and R. de Matos  \"Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents.\"  \"Basic approach to veterinary care.\" 13 (2012)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-6621-7.00002-6"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CA Schubert, IK Barker, RC Rosatte, et al.  \"Ecological Appli.\"  8, \"Effect of canine distemper on an urban raccoon population: an experiment.\" 379 (1998)","DOI":"10.2307\/2641078"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DJ Wostenberg, N Walker, KA Fox, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  54, \"Evidence of two cocirculating canine distemper virus strains in mesocarnivores from northern Colorado, USA.\" 534 (2018)","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-09-238"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DJ Zaccaro, DK Wagener, CC Whisnant, et al.  \"Vaccine.\"  31, \"Evaluation of vaccine-induced antibody responses: impact of new technologies.\" 2756 (2013)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.03.065"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JA Par\u00e9, IK Barker, GJ Crawshaw, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  35, \"Humoral response and protection from experimental challenge following vaccination of raccoon pups with a modified-live canine distemper virus vaccine.\" 430 (1999)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-35.3.430"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"M Taguchi, K Namikawa, T Maruo, et al.  \"Can Vet J.\"  52, \"Antibody titers for canine parvovirus type-2, canine distemper virus, and canine adenovirus type-1 in adult household dogs.\" 983 (2011)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:34:53Z","timestamp":1791246893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-55\/issue-2\/2023-0078\/SEROLOGICAL-RESPONSE-TO-CANINE-DISTEMPER-VACCINATION-IN-WILD-CAUGHT-RACCOONS\/10.1638\/2023-0078.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2023-0078","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]}}}