{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T02:43:28Z","timestamp":1792205008007,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The pharmacokinetic profile of selected NSAIDs in southern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor) were studied. Phenylbutazone (PBZ), meloxicam (MEL), and firocoxib (FIR) were administered orally to five captive, black rhinoceros, and blood was collected at predetermined time points for NSAID quantification and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis. Phenylbutazone 4.0 mg\/kg PO q12h for three doses, MEL 0.3 mg\/kg PO q24h administered twice, and a single oral dose of FIR 0.1 mg\/kg, were tested with a minimum washout time of 2 wk. PBZ reached a median (range) peak concentration (Cmax) of 9.42 (2.74\u201311.5) g\/ml at a mean (range) time (Tmax) of 6.00 (4.00 to &gt;12.00) h, and the median (range) elimination half-life (T1\/2) was 6.07 (3.95\u20136.49) h. Phenylbutazone pharmacokinetic parameters for black rhinoceros in this study were similar to domestic horses. Meloxicam reached a median (range) Cmax of 0.576 (0.357\u20130.655) \u00b5g\/ml at a median (range) time (Tmax) of 6.00 (4.00\u201312.00) h; the median (range) T1\/2 of MEL was 14.0 (12.4\u201317.9) h. These results demonstrate that once-daily administration of MEL at 0.3 mg\/kg resulted in a serum concentration of greater than 0.200 \u00b5g\/ml from 2 to 24 h in four animals, which is within the analgesic range (0.200\u20130.400 \u00b5g\/ml) for this drug in other species postulated by other studies. A single dose of firocoxib (0.1 mg\/kg) reached a median (range) peak concentration (Cmax) of 15.7 (9.65\u201317.3) ng\/ml at a median (range) Tmax of 4.00 (4.00\u20136.00) h. The median (range) elimination T1\/2 of FIR was 4.96 (4.47\u20136.51) h, which is faster than in the horse. The data suggest that extrapolation from equine FIR dosage recommendations is inappropriate for black rhinoceros.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2023-0080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T05:48:19Z","timestamp":1725515299000},"page":"547-554","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["PHARMACOKINETIC PROFILES OF ORAL PHENYLBUTAZONE, MELOXICAM, AND FIROCOXIB IN SOUTHERN BLACK RHINOCEROS (DICEROS BICORNIS MINOR)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Benn","family":"Bryant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Campbell-Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Kimble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merran","family":"Govendir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Beretta, G Garavaglia, M Cavalli,  \"Pharmacol Res.\"  52, \"COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition in horse blood by phenylbutazone, flunixin, carprofen and meloxicam: an in vitro analysis.\" 302 (2005)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2005.04.004"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Kottwitz, M Boothe, R Harmon, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  47, \"Results of the megavertebrate analgesia survey: elephants and rhino.\" 301 (2016)","DOI":"10.1638\/2015-0195.1"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B East, L Tell, SB Citino, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  50, \"Pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of flunixin meglumine in the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum).\" 322 (2019)","DOI":"10.1638\/2018-0200"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RP Hunter  and R Isaza  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  39, \"Concepts and issues with interspecies scaling in zoological pharmacology.\" 517 (2008)","DOI":"10.1638\/2008-0041.1"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y Zhang, M Huo, J Zhou, et al.  \"Comput Methods Programs Biomed.\"  99, \"PKSolver: An add-in program for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data analysis in Microsoft Excel.\" 306 (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2010.01.007"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Baggot,  \"J Vet Pharmacol Ther.\"  15, \"Bioavailability and bioequivalence of veterinary drug dosage forms, with particular reference to horses: an overview.\" 160 (1992)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1992.tb01003.x"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V Cioli, S Putzolu, V Rossi, et al.  \"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.\"  50, \"The role of direct tissue contact in the production of gastrointestinal ulcers by anti-inflammatory drugs in rats.\" 283 (1979)","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(79)90153-4"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ML Dunbar, KJ Walkowiak, JS Faustich, et al.  \"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci.\"  58, \"Preliminary evaluation of sustained-release compared with conventional formulations of meloxicam in sheep (Ovis aries).\" 339 (2019)","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-JAALAS-18-000076"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Emslie,  \"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.\"  \"Diceros bicornis.\" 2020","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T6557A152728945.en"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"\"Equioxx product information.\"  (2008)"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JA Flanders, R Gehring, K Delaski, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  54, \"Pharmacokinetics of oral flunixin meglumine, meloxicam, or gabapentin in three black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis).\" 336 (2023)","DOI":"10.1638\/2021-0172"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Gardner  and N Rourke  \"Aust Vet J.\"  99, \"Multimodal analgesia in a Southern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) with pentosan polysulfate, gabapentin, amantadine and phenylbutazone to manage chronic pain.\" 86 (2021)","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13043"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Hermes  and TB Hildebrandt  \"Fowler's zoo and wild animal medicine.\"  7, \"Rhinoceros theriogenology.\" 546 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Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:17:54Z","timestamp":1791245874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-55\/issue-3\/2023-0080\/PHARMACOKINETIC-PROFILES-OF-ORAL-PHENYLBUTAZONE-MELOXICAM-AND-FIROCOXIB-IN-SOUTHERN\/10.1638\/2023-0080.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2023-0080","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]}}}