{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:56:19Z","timestamp":1791248179030,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An understanding of species-specific vitamin D metabolism and its role in calcium homeostasis is essential for correct diet formulation and development of husbandry protocols for managed nondomestic species. This study documented serum vitamin D metabolites and other analytes involved in calcium homeostasis in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) managed at a latitude similar to their wild natural habitat. Serum values for 33 elephants managed at a low latitude were measured in the peak of summer, revealing low vitamin D2 (25(OH)D2 2.3 \u00b1 0.6 ng\/ ml and 24,25(OH)2D2 2.17 \u00b1 0.52 ng\/ml) and nondetectable vitamin D3. Serum minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium), ionized calcium, and parathyroid hormone were within normal reported ranges. In comparison with previously reported values in elephants managed at a high latitude, 25(OH)D2 (P &lt; 0.001), 24,25(OH)2D2 (P = 0.001), and magnesium (P = 0.013) were significantly lower, and parathyroid hormone was significantly higher (P &lt; 0.001). The lack of D3 production during ample sun exposure at a low latitude suggests that Asian elephants are incapable of cutaneous photobiosynthesis of vitamin D, and that low serum D2 is normal for this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2023-0082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T09:52:49Z","timestamp":1718272369000},"page":"430-435","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["SERUM VITAMIN D AND SELECTED BIOMARKERS OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS IN ASIAN ELEPHANTS (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS) MANAGED AT A LOW LATITUDE"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Sara E.","family":"Childs-Sanford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy K.","family":"Kiso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis L.","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GG Kwiecinski, L Zhiren, TC Chen, et al.  \"Gen Comp Endocrinol.\"  122, \"Observations on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium concentrations from wild-caught and captive neotropical bats, Artibeus jamaicensis.\" 225 (2001)","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.2001.7635"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Miller, TC Chen, MF Holick, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  40, \"Serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana).\" 302 (2009)","DOI":"10.1638\/2008-0098.1"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Azarpeykan, KE Dittmer, EK Gee, et al.  \"Domest Anim Endocrinol.\"  56, \"Influence of blanketing and season on vitamin D and parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium concentrations in horses in New Zealand.\" 75 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2016.03.003"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"A Breidenbach, C Schlumbohm, J Harmeyer,  \"Vet Res.\"  29, \"Peculiarities of vitamin D and of the calcium and phosphate homeostatic system in horses.\" 173 (1997)"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Clauss, W Loehlein, E Kienzle, et al.  \"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr.\"  87, \"Studies on feed digestibilities in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).\" 160 (2003)","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0396.2003.00429.x"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MF Holick, TC Chen, Z Lu, et al.  \"J Bone Miner Res.\"  22, \"Vitamin D and skin physiology: a D-lightful story.\" V28 (2007)","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.07s211"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RB J\u00e4pelt  and J Jakobsen  \"Front Plant Sci.\"  4, \"Vitamin D in plants: a review of occurrence, analysis, and biosynthesis.\" 1 (2013)","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2013.00136"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JG. 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Health, welfare, and performance.\"  \"Vitamins.\" 168 (2013)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-3422-0.00009-2"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:35:17Z","timestamp":1791246917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-55\/issue-2\/2023-0082\/SERUM-VITAMIN-D-AND-SELECTED-BIOMARKERS-OF-CALCIUM-HOMEOSTASIS-IN\/10.1638\/2023-0082.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2023-0082","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]}}}