{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:56:28Z","timestamp":1791244588815,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccinating African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) against canine distemper virus (CDV) using live attenuated vaccines (LAV) has been controversial because of limitations in the vaccines' effectiveness and safety. However, CDV is a significant pathogen for African wild dogs, and CDV LAV are currently the only vaccines readily available on the African continent, making them a crucial tool for in situ conservation. There are few studies exploring immunogenicity of CDV LAV, and even less information pertaining to optimal vaccination protocols. This study reports the use of CDV LAV VanguardTM Plus 5\/L in 16 African wild dogs from two sibling groups with initial inoculation at approximately 6\u20137 wk of age. The majority (81%, n = 13) of pups generated protective titers after initial vaccination. One pup died of CDV-suspected neurological disease within 17 d of initial vaccination. All remaining dogs received a second dose, and 100% of those achieved protective immunity (as per domestic dog reference values). Protective antibody titers were maintained throughout the sampling period of 284 and 373 d from the second vaccination. The risk of possible vaccine-induced disease cannot be excluded, but may be a sustainable risk compared with the protective potential of CDV LAV for African wild dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2023-0088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T04:20:06Z","timestamp":1741580406000},"page":"148-153","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["EFFECTIVE ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF AFRICAN WILD DOGS (LYCAON PICTUS) TO CANINE DISTEMPER VACCINATION WITH A LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Robin","family":"Gieling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Schmidt-K\u00fcntzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Flores-Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mick","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Rooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie","family":"Marker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AB Blake  and JS Suchodolski  \"Anim Front.\"  6, \"Importance of gut microbiota for the health and disease of dogs and cats.\" 37 (2016)","DOI":"10.2527\/af.2016-0032"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Cirone, G Elia, M Campolo, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  40, \"Immunogenicity of an inactivated oil-emulsion canine distemper vaccine in African wild dogs.\" 343 (2004)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.2.343"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Durchfeld, W Baumgartner, W Herbst, et al.  \"J Vet Med Ser B.\"  37, \"Vaccine-associated canine distemper infection in a litter of African hunting dogs (Lycaon pictus).\" 203 (1990)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1990.tb01048.x"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Marker, M Honig, L Pfeiffer, et al.  \"Zoo Biol.\"  41, \"Captive rearing of orphaned African Wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in Namibia: a case study.\" 181 (2022)","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21662"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AE. McCormick,  \"J Zoo Anim Med.\"  14, \"Canine distemper in African cape hunting dogs (Lycaon pictus): possibly vaccine induced.\" 66 (1983)","DOI":"10.2307\/20094641"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Mulreany, A Cushing, E Ramsay,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  52, \"Canine distemper and parvovirus vaccination with Recombitek C3 in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus).\" 1229 (2021)","DOI":"10.1638\/2021-0004"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HM Pekkarinen, VK Karkamo, KJ Vainio-Siukola, et al.  \"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis.\"  105, \"Post-vaccinal distemper-like disease in two dog litters with confirmed infection of vaccine virus strain.\" 102114 (2024)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2023.102114"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JA. Roth,  \"Advances in Veterinary Medicine.\"  41, \"Mechanistic bases for adverse vaccine reactions and vaccine failures.\" 681 (1999)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3519(99)80053-6"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Spencer  and R Burroughs  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  28, \"Antibody-response to canine-distemper vaccine in African wild dogs.\" 443 (1992)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-28.3.443"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J van Heerden, N Bainbridge, R Burroughs, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  25, \"Distemper-like disease and encephalitozoonosis in wild dogs (Lycaon pictus).\" 70 (1989)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-25.1.70"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"J van Heerden, W Swart, D Meltzer,  \"J S Afr Vet Assoc.\"  51, \"Serum antibody levels before and after administration of live canine distemper vaccine to the wild dog Lycaon pictus.\" 283 (1980)"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"L Wahld\u00e9n, U Emanuelson, T Moller, et al.  \"Hosts Viruses.\"  5, \"Evaluation of immunogenicity of a commercially available live attenuated vaccine for dogs containing canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus in African wild dog (Lycaon pictus pictus).\" 26 (2018)"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RP Wilkes, E Sanchez, MC Riley, et al.  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  26, \"Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method for detection of canine distemper virus modified live vaccine shedding for differentiation from infection with wild-type strains.\" 27 (2014)","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713517232"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Woodroffe, S Cleaveland, O Courtenay, et al.  \"The Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids.\"  \"Infectious disease: infectious disease in the management and conservation of wild canids.\" 123 (2004)","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198515562.003.0006"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R Woodroffe  and C Sillero-Zubiri  \"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.\"  \"Lycaon pictus (amended version of 2012 assessment).\" e.T12436A16 6502262 (2020)","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T12436A166502262.en"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Connolly, P Thomas, R Woodroffe, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  44, \"Comparison of oral and intramuscular recombinant canine distemper vaccination in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus).\" 882 (2013)","DOI":"10.1638\/2012-0232R2.1"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RJ Montali, CR Bartz, JA Teare, et al.  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  183, \"Clinical trials with canine distemper vaccines in exotic carnivores.\" 1163 (1983)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1983.183.11.1163"},{"key":"1","unstructured":"KA Alexander, PW Kat, LA Munson, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  27, \"Canine distemper-related mortality among wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in Chobe National Park, Botswana.\" 426 (1996)"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KV Goller, RD Fyumagwa, V Nikolin, et al.  \"Vet Microbiol.\"  146, \"Fatal canine distemper infection in a pack of African wild dogs in the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania.\" 245 (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.05.018"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J van Heerden, J Bingham, M van Vuuren, et al.  \"J S Afr Vet Assoc.\"  73, \"Clinical and serological response of wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) to vaccination against canine distemper, canine parvovirus infection and rabies.\" 8 (2002)","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v73i1.541"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Woodroffe,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  52, \"Modified live distemper vaccines carry low mortality risk for captive African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus.\" 176 (2021)","DOI":"10.1638\/2020-0045"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MWG van de Bildt, T Kuiken, AM Visee, et al.  \"Emerg Infect Dis.\"  8, \"Distemper outbreak and its effect on African wild dog conservation.\" 211 (2002)","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0802.010314"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:29:06Z","timestamp":1791242946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-56\/issue-1\/2023-0088\/EFFECTIVE-ANTIBODY-RESPONSE-OF-AFRICAN-WILD-DOGS-LYCAON-PICTUS-TO\/10.1638\/2023-0088.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2023-0088","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]}}}