{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:54:56Z","timestamp":1791248096630,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute phase proteins (APP) and protein electrophoresis (EPH) offer crucial insights into inflammation and overall health in various species. In this study, we validated serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) reagents for use with serum samples from gibbons (Hylobatidae, n = 50), spanning five species across four gibbon genera: eastern hoolock (Hoolock leuconedys), Javan (Hylobates moloch), pileated (Hylobates pileatus), siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus), and white-cheeked (Nomascus leucogenys). Preliminary reference intervals (n = 50) were calculated for SAA (1.8\u201348.1 mg\/L), CRP (0.1\u201311.1 mg\/L), and EPH via capillary zone electrophoresis, in healthy gibbons. Comparing clinically normal (n = 38) and abnormal (n = 12) individuals, significant differences were observed in the albumin\/globulin ratio (P = 0.0003), prealbumin (P = 0.0345), and albumin (P = 0.0094), with abnormal individuals exhibiting statistically significantly higher \u03b3-globulins (P = 0.0224), SAA (P = 0.0001), and CRP (P = 0.0003). Despite significant chromosomal rearrangements among different gibbon species, we found no statistically significant differences of SAA and CRP levels across species. However, some differences between species were observed in EPH fractions. This study presents the first report of the evaluation of APP and EPH in gibbons, underscoring the potential use of these biomarkers in gibbon health monitoring. Further research with larger sample sizes of both normal and abnormal gibbons is recommended to solidify the clinical utility of these biomarkers in these species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2023-0101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T05:51:00Z","timestamp":1725515460000},"page":"565-572","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["ASSESSMENT OF ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS AND PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS IN HEALTHY GIBBONS (HYLOBATIDAE) IN MANAGED SETTINGS"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Neta","family":"Ambar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary I.","family":"Thurber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiano","family":"Montiani-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Cray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"11","unstructured":"C Cray, J Zaias, NH Altman,  \"Comp Med.\"  59, \"Acute phase response in animals: a review.\" 517 (2009)"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"KR Friedrichs, KE Harr, KP Freeman, et al.  \"Vet Clin Pathol.\"  41, \"ASVCP reference interval guidelines: determination of de novo reference intervals in veterinary species and other related topics.\" 441 (2012)","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12006"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PD Eckersall  and R Bell  \"Vet J.\"  185, \"Acute phase proteins: Biomarkers of infection and inflammation in veterinary medicine.\" 23 (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.04.009"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JJ Stanton, C Cray, M Rodriguez, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  44, \"Acute phase protein expression during elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus-1 viremia in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).\" 605 (2013)","DOI":"10.1638\/2012-0174R1.1"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NI Ossetrova, WF Blakely, V Nagy, et al.  \"Radiat Prot Dosimetry.\"  172, \"Non-human primate total-body irradiation model with limited and full medical supportive care including filgrastim for biodosimetry and injury assessment.\" 174 (2016)","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncw176"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H Murata, N Shimada, M Yoshioka,  \"Vet J.\"  168, \"Current research on acute phase proteins in veterinary diagnosis: an overview.\" 28 (2004)","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(03)00119-9"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Cray,  \"Vet Clin Pathol.\"  50, \"Protein electrophoresis of non-traditional species: a review.\" 478 (2021)","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.13067"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HH Petersen, JP Nielsen, PM Heegaard,  \"Vet Res.\"  35, \"Application of acute phase protein measurements in veterinary clinical chemistry.\" 163 (2004)","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2004002"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Arfuso, M Rizzo, C Giannetto, et al.  \"Sci Rep.\"  13, \"Inflammatory-like status and acute stress response in horses after road transport.\" 9858 (2023)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37069-1"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MF Bertelsen, M Kjelgaard-Hansen, C Grondahl, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  40, \"Identification of acute phase proteins and assays applicable in non-domesticated mammals.\" 199 (2009)","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0125.1"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Black, I Kushner, D Samols,  \"J Biol Chem.\"  279, \"C-reactive protein.\" 48487 (2004)","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R400025200"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ML Cabot, NG Dannemiller, C Cray, et al.  \"J Zool Bot Gard.\"  4, \"Reference intervals and clinical utility of acute phase proteins and serum electrophoresis in the hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas).\" 108 (2023)","DOI":"10.3390\/jzbg4010012"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"L. Carbone,  \"Nature.\"  513, \"Gibbon genome and the fast karyotype evolution of small apes.\" 195 (2014)"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Chen, Q Chen, J Zheng, et al.  \"Cell Death Discov.\"  9, \"Serum amyloid protein A in inflammatory bowel disease: from bench to beside.\" 154 (2023)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01455-5"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Covin  and JM Steiner  \"Vet Clin Pathol.\"  50, \"Measurement and clinical applications of C reactive protein in gastrointestinal disease of dogs.\" 29 (2022)","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.13100"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Cray,  \"Progress in molecular biology and translational science, animal models of molecular pathology.\"  \"Acute phase proteins in animals.\" 113 (2012)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394596-9.00005-6"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Cray, E Hammond, H Haefele,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  44, \"Acute phase protein and protein electrophoresis values for captive Grant's zebra (Equus burchelli).\" 1107 (2013)","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0033R.1"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AP Doumatey, J Zhou, A Adeyemo, et al.  \"Clin Biochem.\"  47, \"High sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) remains highly stable in long-term archived human serum.\" 315 (2014)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2013.12.014"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SF Friend, R Nachnani, SB Powell, et al.  \"Eur J Neurosci.\"  55, \"C-reactive protein: marker of risk for post-traumatic stress disorder and its potential for a mechanistic role in trauma response and recovery.\" 2297 (2022)","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15031"},{"key":"16","unstructured":"T. Geissmann,  \"Gibbon J.\"  3, \"Status reassessment of the gibbons: results of the Asian primate red list workshop.\" 5 (2006)"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EH Hooijberg  and C Cray  \"Vet Clin Pathol.\"  52, \"Acute phase reactants in nondomesticated mammals\u2014a veterinary clinical pathology perspective.\" 19 (2023)","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.13189"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.\"  e.T41643A17969392 (2020)","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41643A17969392.en"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SK Kim, L Carbone, C Becquet, et al.  \"Mol Biol Evol.\"  28, \"Patterns of genetic variation within and between gibbon species.\" 2211 (2011)","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr033"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Kimura,  \"Anim Dis.\"  2, \"Comparative evaluation of acute phase proteins by C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) in nonhuman primates and feline carnivores.\" 21 (2022)","DOI":"10.1186\/s44149-022-00054-8"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AKH Krogh, JFH Lundsgaard, J Bakker, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  45, \"Acute phase response in healthy and diseased rhesus macaques (Macaca mulata)\" 306 (2014)","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0153R.1"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Meisner, H Adina, J Schmidt,  \"Crit Care.\"  10, \"Correlation of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein to inflammation, complications, and outcome during the intensive care unit course of multiple-trauma patients.\" R1 (2006)","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3910"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MH Mosli, G Zou, SK Graf, et al.  \"Am J Gastroenterol.\"  110, \"C-reactive protein, fecal calprotectin, and stool lactoferrin for detection of endoscopic activity in symptomatic inflammatory bowel disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\" 802 (2015)","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.120"},{"key":"24","unstructured":"N Mungatana, R Ngure, D Yole,  \"Scan J Lab Anim Sci.\"  34, \"Acute phase response of albumin and haptoglobin in experimental infection of the olive baboon, Papio nubis, with Schistosoma mansoni.\" 119 (2007)"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TH Pihl, E Scheepers, M Sanz, et al.  \"J Vet Emerg Crit Care.\"  26, \"Acute-phase proteins as diagnostic markers in horses with colic.\" 664 (2016)","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12504"},{"key":"29","unstructured":"JW. Pritchett,  \"Am J Orthop.\"  25, \"C-reactive protein levels determine the severity of soft-tissue injuries.\" 759 (1996)"},{"key":"30","unstructured":"KA Rice, ES Chen, KA Metcalf Pate, et al.  \"Comp Med.\"  63, \"Diagnosis of amyloidosis and differentiation from chronic, idiopathic enterocolitis in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and pig tailed (M. nemestrina) macaques.\" 262 (2013)"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Rohleder,  \"Psychosom Med.\"  76, \"Stimulation of systemic low-grade inflammation by psychosocial stress.\" 181 (2014)","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000049"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GH. Sack,  \"Mol Med.\"  24, \"Serum amyloid A\u2014a review.\" 46 (2018)","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-018-0047-0"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Sheldon, S Johnson, J Hernandez, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  48, \"Acute phase responses in healthy, malnourished and Otostrongylus-infected juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirouna angustirostris).\" 767 (2017)","DOI":"10.1638\/2016-0267.1"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Turlo, A Cywinska, M Czopowicz, et al.  \"PloS One.\"  10, \"The effect of different types of musculoskeletal injuries on blood concentration of serum amyloid A in thoroughbred raceshorses.\" e0140673 (2015)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140673"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Visser, C Smith, A Louw,  \"Endocrinology.\"  151, \"Interplay of the inflammatory and stress systems in a hepatic cell cine: interactions between glucocorticoid receptor agonists and interleukin-6.\" 5279 (2010)","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0368"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Yamamoto, T Shida, S Miyaji, et al.  \"Vet Res Commun.\"  17, \"Changes in serum C-reactive protein levels in dogs with various disorders and surgical traumas.\" 85 (1993)","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01839236"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Zhang, H Hara, T Yamamoto, et al.  \"Int J Surg.\"  60, \"Serum amyloid a as an indicator of impending xenograft failure: experimental studies.\" 283 (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2018.11.027"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:18:00Z","timestamp":1791245880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-55\/issue-3\/2023-0101\/ASSESSMENT-OF-ACUTE-PHASE-PROTEINS-AND-PROTEIN-ELECTROPHORESIS-IN-HEALTHY\/10.1638\/2023-0101.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2023-0101","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]}}}