{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:56:05Z","timestamp":1791244565188,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ferlaviruses have been associated with significant mortality events in squamates. Over a 5-month period in 2012, a mortality event at the Phoenix Zoo involved seven rattlesnakes (Crotalus spp.), a Sonoran gopher snake (Pituophis catenifer affinis), and a Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum). All individuals had been managed within the same group of enclosures at the zoo, and many of the affected individuals had previously been housed together. Clinical signs during the outbreak included sudden death, agonal behavior, anorexia, regurgitation, and loss of body condition. Histologic findings were similar in all animals, with lesions primarily in the respiratory tract and pancreas; these findings were consistent with viral infection, and in five of the seven cases for which samples were submitted, RT-PCR identified a genogroup C Ferlavirus. The findings in this outbreak support the possibility of cross-species viral transmission and clinical disease associated with genogroup C Ferlavirus infection and suggest persistence of paramyxoviral infection within captive reptile populations. These findings have widespread implications for the management of mixed reptile species habitats in zoological and private collections, and suggest a need to include all reptiles, not just snakes, in preshipment and quarantine investigation of potential ferlavirus infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2023-0123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T04:21:26Z","timestamp":1741580486000},"page":"184-192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["CROSS-SPECIES TRANSMISSION OF A GENOGROUP C FERLAVIRUS IN A ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTION IN THE UNITED STATES"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Adriana R.","family":"Pastor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Swenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M.","family":"Garner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"April L.","family":"Childress","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James F. X.","family":"Wellehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"4","unstructured":"TH Boyer, MM Garner, KS Latimer,  \"Proc Assoc Rept Amphib Vet.\"  \"Paramyxovirus infection in a thai water dragon (Physignatus cocincinus).\" 93 (2005)"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Essbauer  and W Ahne  \"J Vet Med B.\"  48, \"Viruses of lower vertebrates.\" 403 (2001)","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2001.00473.x"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EJ Flach, MP Dagleish, Y Feltrer, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  49, \"Ferlavirus-related deaths in a collection of viperid snakes.\" 983 (2018)","DOI":"10.1638\/2017-0223.1"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"DW Folsch  and P Leloup  \"Tierartzl Prax.\"  4, \"Fatal endemic infection in a serpentarium, diagnosis, treatment and preventative measures.\" 527 (1976)"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Franke, S Essbauer, W Ahne, et al.  \"Virus Res.\"  80, \"Identification and molecular characterization of 18 paramyxoviruses isolated from snakes.\" 67 (2001)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(01)00353-7"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Gravendyck, P Ammermann, RE Marschang, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  34, \"Paramyxoviral and reoviral infections of iguanas on Honduran islands.\" 33 (1998)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-34.1.33"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TH Hyndman, CM Shilton, RE Marschang,  \"Vet Microbiol.\"  165, \"Paramyxovirus in reptiles: A review.\" 200 (2013)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.04.002"},{"key":"11","unstructured":"ER Jacobson, JM Gaskin, S Wells, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  23, \"Epizootic of ophidian paramyxovirus in a zoological collection: Pathological, microbiological, and serological findings.\" 318 (1992)"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ER Jacobson, F Origgi, AP Pessier, et al.  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  13, \"Paramyxovirus infection in caiman lizards (Draecena guianensis).\" 143 (2001)","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870101300208"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EM Koch, WJ Neubert, PH Hofschneider,  \"Virology.\"  136, \"Lifelong persistence of paramyxovirus Sendai-6\/94 in C129 mice: detection of a latent viral RNA by hybridization with a cloned genomic cDNA probe.\" 78 (1984)","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(84)90249-6"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Kolesnik, TH Hyndman, E M\u00fcller, et al.  \"BMC Vet Res.\"  15, \"Comparison of three different PCR protocols for the detection of ferlaviruses.\" 281 (2019)","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2028-0"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CKM Kolesnikovas, KF Grego, LC Rameh de Albuquerque, et al.  \"Vet Rec.\"  159, \"Ophidian paramyxovirus in Brazilian vipers (Bothrops alternatus).\" 390 (2006)","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.159.12.390"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RE Marschang, S Donahoe, R Manvell, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  33, \"Paramyxovirus and reovirus infections in wild-caught Mexican lizards (Xenosaurus and Abronria sp.).\" 317 (2002)","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2002)033[0317:PARIIW]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RE Marschang, FC Origgi, MD Stenglein, et al.  \"Infectious Diseases and Pathology of Reptiles.\"  1, \"Viruses and Viral Diseases of Reptiles.\" 608 (2020)","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429155567-10"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RE Marschang, T Papp, JW Frost,  \"Virus Res.\"  144, \"Comparison of paramyxovirus isolates from snakes, lizards and a tortoise.\" 272 (2009)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2009.05.011"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Neul, W Schr\u00f6dl, RE Marschang, et al.  \"Am J Vet Res.\"  78, \"Immunologic responses in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) after experimentally induced infection with ferlaviruses.\" 482 (2017)","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.78.4.482"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Papp, J G\u00e1l, MD Abbas, et al.  \"Vet Microbiol.\"  162, \"A novel type of paramyxovirus found in Hungary in a masked water snake (Homalopsis buccata) with pneumonia supports the suggested new taxonomy within the Ferlavirus genus.\" 195 (2013)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.08.010"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Papp, J Seybold, RE Marschang,  \"J Herpetol Med Surg.\"  20, \"Paramyxovirus infection in a leopard tortoise (Geochelone pardalis babcocki) with respiratory disease.\" 64 (2010)","DOI":"10.5818\/1529-9651-20.2.64"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Prpic, T Keros, ML Balija, et al.  \"BMC Vet Res.\"  13, \"First recorded case of paramyxovirus infection introduced into a healthy snake collection in Croatia.\" 1 (2017)","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1015-6"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R R\u00f6sler, MD Abbas, T Papp, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  44, \"Detection of antibodies against paramyxoviruses in tortoises.\" 333 (2013)","DOI":"10.1638\/2012-0149R.1"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Vidal  and SB Hedges  \"Comptes Rendus - Biologies.\"  332, \"The molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians.\" 129 (2009)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2008.07.010"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H-H Wang, NY Kung, WE Grant, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  8, \"Recrudescent infection supports Hendra virus persistence in Australian flying-fox populations.\" 1 (2013)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080430"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JFX Wellehan, AL Childress, RE Marschang, et al.  \"Vet Microbiol.\"  133, \"Consensus nested PCR amplification and sequencing of diverse reptilian, avian, and mammalian orthoreoviruses.\" 34 (2009)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.06.011"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PCY Woo, P Martelli, S-W Hui, et al.  \"Infect Genet Evol.\"  51, \"Anaconda paramyxovirus infection in an adult green anaconda after prolonged incubation: Pathological characterization and whole genome sequence analysis.\" 239 (2017)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.04.008"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Kolesnik, A Obiegala, RE Marschang,  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  29, \"Detection of Mycoplasma spp., herpesviruses, topiviruses, and ferlaviruses in samples from chelonians in Europe.\" 820 (2017)","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638717722387"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Tong, S-WW Chern, Y Li, et al.  \"J Clin Microbiol.\"  46, \"Sensitive and broadly reactive reverse transcription-pcr assays to detect novel paramyxoviruses.\" 2652 (2008)","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00192-08"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MC Allender, MA Mitchell, MJ Dreslik, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  39, \"Measuring agreement and discord among hemagglutination inhibition assays against different ophidian paramyxovirus strains in the eastern massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus).\" 358 (2008)","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0111.1"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"SF Altschul, TL Madden, AA Sch\u00e4ffer, et al.  \"Nucleic Acids Res.\"  25, \"Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs.\" 3389 (1997)","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Rima, A Balkema-Buschmann, WG Dundon, et al.  \"J Gen Virol.\"  100, \"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Paramyxoviridae.\" 1593 (2019)","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001328"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MD Abbas, I Ball, Z Ruckova, et al.  \"J Herpetol Med Surg.\"  22, \"Virological screening of bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) and the first detection of paramyxoviruses in this species.\" 86 (2012)","DOI":"10.5818\/1529-9651-22.3.86"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:29:13Z","timestamp":1791242953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-56\/issue-1\/2023-0123\/CROSS-SPECIES-TRANSMISSION-OF-A-GENOGROUP-C-FERLAVIRUS-IN-A\/10.1638\/2023-0123.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2023-0123","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]}}}