{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:48:32Z","timestamp":1791571712528,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory diseases in snow leopards (Panthera uncia) are poorly described. A retrospective study was performed in snow leopards housed in two zoos between January 1997 and June 2022. Nearly half (45%, 33\/73) of the individuals evaluated had at least one episode of respiratory signs in the 25-yr study period, and more than half of those individuals (61%, 20\/33) experienced respiratory disease more than once in their lifetime. Medical records of individuals with respiratory disease were assessed for clinical signs, diagnostic procedures, etiology, treatment, illness duration, and clinical outcome. Nasal discharge was the most common clinical sign reported overall (65%, 45\/69). Tachypnea\/dyspnea (75%, 3\/4), lethargy (100%, 4\/4), and weight loss\/inappetence (100%, 4\/4) were frequently noted in respiratory cases that resulted in death. Many respiratory cases (67%, 46\/69) were either confirmed or suspected to be infectious in origin. Culture identified respiratory pathogens in most cases (95%, 21\/22) in which it was performed. Among the cases for which a pathogen was identified, Mycoplasma spp. was the most common (61%, 14\/23). Bordetella bronchiseptica was also frequently diagnosed (39%, 9\/23) and was the sole pathogen identified in two cases. Both Mycoplasma spp. and B. bronchiseptica were significantly more likely to be associated with clinical disease in neonates and juveniles than in adults and geriatrics. To our knowledge, these are the first documented cases of B. bronchiseptica\u2013associated respiratory disease in nondomestic felids in the peer-reviewed literature. Feline herpesvirus-1 and feline calicivirus were infrequently detected, despite the use of primarily inactivated vaccinations with documented low immunogenicity. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was commonly cultured in mortality cases (75%, 3\/4). Coinfections were common (91%, 21\/23), with only two cases identifying a single agent. Antibiogram results suggest that aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, trimethoprim-sulfa, enrofloxacin, and amoxicillin\u2013clavulanic acid were the most effective antibiotic choices for the identified respiratory pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2023-0129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T04:30:46Z","timestamp":1749097846000},"page":"228-236","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["RESPIRATORY-ASSOCIATED DISEASE IN SNOW LEOPARDS (PANTHERA UNCIA) IN A NORTH AMERICAN ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTION: 1997\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Emma K.","family":"Wunderlich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"McAloose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Orrico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie L.","family":"Raphael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Beirne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul P.","family":"Calle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SL Bartlett, DG Diel, L Wang, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  51, \"SARS-CoV-2 infection and longitudinal fecal screening in Malayan tigers (Panthera tigris jacksoni), Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica), and African lions (Panthera leo krugeri) at the Bronx Zoo, New York, USA.\" 733 (2020)","DOI":"10.1638\/2020-0171"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ES Dorn, B Tress, JS Suchodolski, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  12, \"Bacterial microbiome in the nose of healthy cats and in cats with nasal disease.\" e0180299 (2017)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180299"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Drozd, JM Ritter, JP Samuelson, et al.  \"Vet Pathol.\"  61, \"Mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 in nondomestic felids.\" 609 (2024)","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858231225500"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SF Foster, VR Barrs, P Martin, et al.  \"Aust Vet J.\"  76, \"Pneumonia associated with Mycoplasma spp. in three cats.\" 460 (1998)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1998.tb10178.x"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RS Garces Torres, BE Alcanter Hernandez, K Helmick,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  54, \"Postvaccinal viral disease presentation in two litters of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus).\" 185 (2023)","DOI":"10.1638\/2022-0013"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RM Gaskell  and CJ Gaskell  \"Vet Q.\"  19, \"The role of Bordetella bronchiseptica in feline respiratory disease.\" 48 (1997)","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1997.9694807"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CR Helps, P Lait, A Damhuis, et al.  \"Vet Rec.\"  156, \"Factors associated with upper respiratory tract disease caused by feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus, Chlamydophila felis, and Bordetella bronchiseptica in cats: experience from 218 European catteries.\" 669 (2005)","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.156.21.669"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JD Johnsrude, MM Christopher, NP Lung, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  32, \"Isolation of Mycoplasma felis from a serval (Felis serval) with severe respiratory disease.\" 691 (1996)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-32.4.691"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VM Lara, JC Benassi, SP Bisetto, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  48, \"Molecular detection of infectious pathogens of the upper respiratory tract in captive nondomestic felids.\" 529 (2017)","DOI":"10.1638\/2015-0290R2.1"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Lee-Fowler,  \"J Feline Med Surg.\"  16, \"Feline respiratory disease.\" 563 (2014)","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X14539087"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WM Peden, JL Richard, DW Trampel, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  21, \"Mycotic pneumonia and meningoencephalitis due to Aspergillus terreus in a neonatal snow leopard (Panthera uncia).\" 301 (1985)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-21.3.301"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BS Schulz, P Richter, K Weber, et al.  \"J Feline Med Surg.\"  16, \"Detection of feline Mycoplasma species in cats with feline asthma and chronic bronchitis.\" 943 (2014)","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X14524969"},{"key":"19","unstructured":"Snow Leopard Network,  \"Snow leopard survival strategy.\"  5 (2014)"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Sturgeon, SL Pinder, MC Costa, et al.  \"Vet J.\"  201, \"Characterization of the oral microbiota of healthy cats using next-generation sequencing.\" 223 (2014)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.01.024"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MT Valitutto, JH Yu, BL Raphael, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  52, \"Cefovecin protein binding as a predictor for extended duration of action: a review of current literature and in vitro analysis in multiple zoological species.\" 1185 (2021)","DOI":"10.1638\/2021-0068"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Veronesi, D Traversa, E Lepri, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  52, \"Occurrence of lungworms in European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) of central Italy.\" 270 (2016)","DOI":"10.7589\/2015-07-187"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Q Wu, H Wu, S He, et al.  \"Feline herpesvirus infection and pathology in captive snow leopard.\"  12, 49892022 (2022)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08994-4"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TM Harrison, J Sikarskie, J Kruger, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  38, \"Systemic calicivirus epidemic in captive exotic felids.\" 292 (2007)","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2007)038[0292:SCEICE]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Pennings, K Seeley, A Mathieu, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  51, \"Feline herpesvirus infection in four captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) postvaccination.\" 210 (2020)","DOI":"10.1638\/2019-0041"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Risi, A Agoulon, F Allaire, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  43, \"Antibody response to vaccines for rhinotracheitis, caliciviral disease, panleukopenia, feline leukemia, and rabies in tigers (Panthera tigris) and lions (Panthera leo).\" 248 (2012)","DOI":"10.1638\/2010-0166.1"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CL Witte, N Lamberski, BA Rideout, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  44, \"Development of a case definition for clinical feline herpesvirus infection in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) housed in zoos.\" 634 (2013)","DOI":"10.1638\/2012-0183R.1"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AE Rivas, JN Langan, KM Colegrove, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  46, \"Herpesvirus and calicivirus infection in a black-footed cat (Felis nigripes) family group following vaccination.\" 141 (2015)","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0216R1.1"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"PP Calle, SB Colter, RA Taylor, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  20, \"Extramedullary thoracolumbar fungal (Scopulariopsis brumptii) abscesses in two snow leopard (Panthera uncia) littermates.\" 346 (1989)"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JE Janecka, Y Zhang, D Li, et al.  \"J Hered.\"  108, \"Range-wide snow leopard phylogeography supports three subspecies.\" 597 (2017)","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esx044"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Womble, TA Georoff, K Helmick, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  52, \"Mortality review for the North American snow leopard (Panthera uncia) zoo population from January 1999 to December 2019.\" 145 (2021)","DOI":"10.1638\/2020-0132"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Wang, ZS Gyimesi, ML Killian, et al.  \"Transbound Emerg Dis.\"  69, \"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 clade B.1.2 in three snow leopards.\" e3346 (2022)","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14625"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:12:57Z","timestamp":1791241977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-56\/issue-2\/2023-0129\/RESPIRATORY-ASSOCIATED-DISEASE-IN-SNOW-LEOPARDS-PANTHERA-UNCIA-IN-A\/10.1638\/2023-0129.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2023-0129","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]}}}