{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:54:49Z","timestamp":1791248089417,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Administration of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine (BAM) for immobilization of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) has not been previously reported. In this observational study, 0.02 ml\/kg of compounded BAM (butorphanol 27.3 mg\/ml, azaperone 9.1 mg\/ml, medetomidine 10.9 mg\/ml) was administered IM in 10 captive black howler monkeys. Time to immobilization was recorded, an arterial blood gas performed, and at 5-min intervals, HR, RR, oscillometric arterial blood pressure, SPO2, and rectal temperature were measured. Naltrexone and atipamezole were administered IM at procedure completion and recovery times were recorded. If invasive procedures such as surgery were necessary and additional drugs needed, further data from that individual was removed from data analysis. Final BAM dosages were 0.55 \u00b1 0.12 mg\/kg butorphanol, 0.19 \u00b1 0.04 mg\/kg azaperone, and 0.22 \u00b1 0.05 mg\/kg medetomidine. Nine of 10 monkeys achieved sedation allowing for physical exam, venipuncture, and tuberculin skin testing within 4 \u00b1 2 min. No monkeys reached a plane of immobilization allowing for intubation. Physiologic variables were acceptable for this species. Hypoxemia (SPO2 &lt; 95%) was observed in three monkeys via pulse oximetry, and normoxemia was observed on arterial blood gas. Recovery was smooth and rapid. Therefore, BAM is a viable option for noninvasive procedures or as a premedication prior to induction of anesthesia in black howler monkeys.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2023-0134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T05:43:25Z","timestamp":1725515005000},"page":"757-762","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IMMOBILIZATION OF BLACK HOWLER MONKEYS (ALOUATTA PIGRA) USING BUTORPHANOL, AZAPERONE, MEDETOMIDINE IS SAFE AND EFFECTIVE FOR NONINVASIVE PROCEDURES"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Stephanie C.","family":"Dantino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Cushing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawna","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celso","family":"Poot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Sheldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DI. Sessler,  \"Anesthesiology.\"  109, \"Temperature monitoring and perioperative thermoregulation.\" 318 (2008)","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31817f6d76"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PM Mich, LL Wolfe, TM Sirochman, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  39, \"Evaluation of intramuscular butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine and nasal oxygen insufflation for the chemical immobilization of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus.\" 480 (2008)","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0150.1"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LL Wolfe, MC Fisher, TR Davis, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  50, \"Efficacy of a low-dosage combination of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine (BAM) to immobilize Rocky Mountain elk.\" 676 (2014)","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-02-026"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LL Wolfe, CT Goshorn, S Baruch-Mordo,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  44, \"Immobilization of black bears (Ursus americanus) with a combination of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine.\" 748 (2008)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.3.748"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CM Malinowski, AI Cameron, WM Burnside, et al.  \"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci.\"  58, \"Butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine for the immobilization of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).\" 346 (2019)","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-JAALAS-18-000088"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Semjonov, V Andrianov, JP Raath, et al.  \"Vet Anaesth Analg.\"  44, \"Evaluation of BAM (butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine) in captive African lion (Panthera leo) immobilization.\" 883 (2017)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2017.02.001"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MK Watson, M Thurber, SK Chinnadurai,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  47, \"Comparison of medetomidine-ketamine and butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine in captive Bennett's wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus).\" 1019 (2016)","DOI":"10.1638\/2015-0190.1"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ER Butelman, G Winger, G Zernig, et al.  \"J Pharmacol Exp Ther.\"  272, \"Butorphanol: characterization of agonist and antagonist effects in rhesus monkeys.\" 845 (1995)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)24501-3"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"SV, 3rd Capuano, NW Lerche, CR Valverde,  \"Lab Anim Sci.\"  49, \"Cardiovascular, respiratory, thermoregulatory, sedative, and analgesic effects of intravenous administration of medetomidine in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).\" 537 (1999)"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. Clark-Price,  \"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract.\"  45, \"Inadvertent perianesthetic hypothermia in small animal patients.\" 983 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.005"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"SA Greene  and JC ad Thurmon  \"J Vet Pharmacol Ther.\"  11, \"Xylazine\u2013a review of its pharmacology and use in veterinary medicine.\" 295 (1988)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00189.x"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"VY Guimar\u00e3es, AA Justo, BD Santos, et al.  \"J Med Primatol.\"  51, \"Serum biochemistry panel of free-living red-handed howler monkeys (Alouatta belzebul) in the Eastern Amazon.\" 27 (2022)","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12556"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B Lamglait, M Jalenques, V Brodeur, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  52, \"Butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine anesthesia in free-ranging eastern moose (Alces americanus).\" 715 (2021)","DOI":"10.1638\/2020-0183"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MJ Rovirosa-Hern\u00e1ndez, M Caba, F Garc\u00eda-Ordu\u00f1a, et al.  \"J Med Primatol.\"  41, \"Hematological and biochemical blood values in wild populations of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) of Campeche, M\u00e9xico.\" 309 (2012)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2012.00559.x"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MJ Rovirosa-Hern\u00e1ndez, F Garc\u00eda-Ordu\u00f1a, M Caba, et al.  \"J Med Primatol.\"  40, \"Blood parameters are little affected by time of sampling after the application of ketamine in black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra).\" 294 (2011)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2011.00474.x"},{"key":"13","unstructured":"R Stoelting, P Flood, JP Rathmell, et al.  \"Stoelting's Handbook of Pharmacology and Physiology in Anesthetic Practice.\"  \"Drugs Used for Psychopharmacologic Therapy.\" 822 (2015)"},{"key":"14","unstructured":"JC Vi\u00e9, B Moreau, B de Thoisy, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  29, \"Hematology and serum biochemistry values of free-ranging red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) from French Guiana.\" 142 (1998)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:18:07Z","timestamp":1791245887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-55\/issue-3\/2023-0134\/IMMOBILIZATION-OF-BLACK-HOWLER-MONKEYS-ALOUATTA-PIGRA-USING-BUTORPHANOL-AZAPERONE\/10.1638\/2023-0134.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2023-0134","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]}}}