{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:56:19Z","timestamp":1791248179555,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis) is a parthenogenetic invasive species across much of the world, and when found, euthanasia is often recommended to reduce spread to na\u00efve ecosystems. Euthanasia recommendations in crustaceans includes a two-step method: first to produce nonresponsiveness and then to destroy central nervous tissue. Minimal data exist on adequate anesthetic or immobilization methods for crayfish. A population of 90 marbled crayfish was scheduled for euthanasia due to invasive species concerns. The population was divided into six treatment groups to evaluate whether immersion in emulsified isoflurane or propofol solutions could produce nonresponsiveness. Each group was exposed to one of six treatments for 1 h: isoflurane emulsified at 0.1%, 0.5%, 2%, 5%, and 15% or propofol at 10 mg\/L and then increased to 100 mg\/L. Crayfish from all treatment groups were moved to nonmedicated water after completion of 1 h and observed for an additional 4 h. All crayfish treated with isoflurane showed lack of a righting reflex at 5 min and loss of movement after 30 min. By 240 min (4 h), none of the crayfish from the isoflurane treatment groups regained movement. None of the crayfish in the propofol treatment achieved loss of reflexes or responsiveness, and all remained normal upon return to nonmedicated water. Isoflurane emulsified in water produces nonresponsiveness that is appropriate for the first step of euthanasia, while propofol was insufficient at these treatment doses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2023-0137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T09:31:08Z","timestamp":1718271068000},"page":"424-429","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["EVALUATION OF IMMERSION IN EMULSIFIED ISOFLURANE OR PROPOFOL AS PART OF A TWO-STEP EUTHANASIA PROTOCOL IN MARBLED CRAYFISH (PROCAMBARUS VIRGINALIS)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Heinz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wenninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JA Balko, A Oda, LP Posner,  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  252, \"Use of tricaine methanesulfonate or propofol for immersion euthanasia of goldfish (Carassius auratus).\" 1555 (2018)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.252.12.1555"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JR Applegate, DS Dombrowski, LS Christian, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  47, \"Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) sedation and anesthesia in the purple-spined sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata).\" 1025 (2016)","DOI":"10.1638\/2015-0288.1"},{"key":"1","unstructured":"\"American Veterinary Medical Association guidelines for euthanasia in animals.\"  (2020)"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JA Balko, SK Wilson, GA Lewbart, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  48, \"Propofol as an immersion anesthetic and in a minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) reduction model in goldfish (Carassius auratus).\" 48 (2017)","DOI":"10.1638\/2016-0079.1"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"PB Brown, MR White, J Chaille, et al.  \"J Shellfish Res.\"  15, \"Evaluation of three anesthetic agents for crayfish (Orconectes virilis).\" 433 (1996)"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"C Collymore, A Tolwani, C Lieggi, et al.  \"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci.\"  53, \"Efficacy and safety of 5 anesthetics in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio).\" 198 (2014)"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"SD Coyle, RM Durborow, JH. Tidwell,  \"Anesthetics in aquaculture. Report # 3900.\"  (2004)"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D D'Ovidio, P Monticelli, C Adami,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  52, \"Isoflurane anesthesia in budwing praying mantises (Parasphendale agrionina).\" 1013 (2021)","DOI":"10.1638\/2020-0195"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Gorges, KM Martinez, NF Labriola, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  53, \"Effects of tricaine methanesulfonate in a managed collection of moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita).\" 100 (2022)","DOI":"10.1638\/2021-0028"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Gutekunst, R Andriantsoa, C Falckenhayn, et al.  \"Nat Ecol Evol.\"  2, \"Clonal genome evolution and rapid invasive spread of the marbled crayfish.\" 567 (2018)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0467-9"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MS Hossain, J Patoka, A Kouba, et al.  \"Biologia.\"  73, \"Clonal crayfish as biological model: a review on marbled crayfish.\" 841 (2018)","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756-018-0098-2"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W Huang, Y Hsieh, I Chen, et al.  \"Zebrafish.\"  7, \"Combined use of MS-222 (tricaine) and isoflurane extends anesthesia time and minimizes cardiac rhythm side effects in adult zebrafish.\" 297 (2010)","DOI":"10.1089\/zeb.2010.0653"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K McCallion, K Petersen, DS Dombrowski, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  52, \"Isoflurane anesthesia in the Madagascar hissing cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa).\" 710 (2021)","DOI":"10.1638\/2020-0153"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CI Mosley  and GA Lewbart  \"Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia.\"  \"Invertebrates.\" 191 (2014)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118792919.ch14"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MJ. Murray,  \"Invertebrate medicine.\"  \"Euthanasia.\" 645 (2022)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119569831.ch27"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Natalini,  \"Vet Anaesth Analg.\"  48, \"Anesthetic effects of emulsified isoflurane, sevoflurane, or propofol in Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio).\" 996 (2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.08.034"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KA Obirikorang, DT Asante-Tuoh, NW Agbo, et al.  \"Sci Afr.\"  10, \"Anaesthetic potential of propofol for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): effect of anaesthetic concentration and body weight.\" e00595 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2020.e00595"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Palillo, J Palillo, N Williams, et al.  \"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci.\"  61, \"Anesthesia with tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222) and propofol and its use for computed tomography of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii).\" 275 (2022)","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-JAALAS-21-000133"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E. Pennisi,  \"Science.\"  \"An aquarium accident may have given this crayfish the DNA to take over the world.\" (2018)","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat2188"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RJ Quesada, CD Smith, DJ Heard,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  42, \"Evaluation of parenteral drugs for anesthesia in the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus).\" 295 (2011)","DOI":"10.1638\/2009-0071.1"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PR Waterstrat  and L Pinkham  \"J World Aquac Soc.\"  36, \"Evaluation of eugenol as an anesthetic for the American lobster Homerus americanus.\" 420 (2005)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-7345.2005.tb00347.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:34:59Z","timestamp":1791246899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-55\/issue-2\/2023-0137\/EVALUATION-OF-IMMERSION-IN-EMULSIFIED-ISOFLURANE-OR-PROPOFOL-AS-PART\/10.1638\/2023-0137.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2023-0137","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]}}}