{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:54:29Z","timestamp":1791248069924,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Outbreaks of suspected tick-borne disease (redwater fever) have been reported in captive deer of the Scottish Highlands. In this pilot study, polymerase chain reaction and amplicon sequencing were used to detect tick-borne pathogens in opportunistically collected blood and spleen samples from 63 (healthy, n = 44; diseased, n = 19) cervids, and 45 questing and feeding ticks (Ixodes ricinus) from the outbreak sites in 2021\u20132022. Potentially pathogenic Babesia species were detected in deer but not identified in ticks, Anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in both deer and ticks, and Borrelia afzelii was detected in ticks but not in deer. Sequencing confirmed Babesia capreoli and Babesia cf. odocoilei parasitemia in clinically healthy red deer (Cervus elaphus), B. capreoli parasitemia in clinically healthy domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus), and two cases of B. cf. odocoilei\u2013associated hemolytic anemia in white-lipped deer (Cervus albirostris), of which one was fatal despite imidocarb treatment. White-lipped deer appear to be highly susceptible to babesiosis caused by B. cf. odocoilei. This investigation highlights the importance of disease surveillance, including molecular diagnostics, for the detection of emerging tick-borne pathogens in managed populations of cervids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2023-0140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T05:44:54Z","timestamp":1725515094000},"page":"750-756","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["DETECTION OF BABESIA CF. ODOCOILEI, BABESIA CAPREOLI, AND ANAPLASMA PHAGOCYTOPHILUM IN CERVIDS OF THE SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS, UNITED KINGDOM"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Sonika B.","family":"Lakshminarayana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Guthrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damer P.","family":"Blake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Harley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arran","family":"MacKintosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippa J.P.","family":"Lait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Bacon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellie L.","family":"Milnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SL Bartlett, N Abou-Madi, JB Messick, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  40, \"Diagnosis and treatment of Babesia odocoilei in captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and recognition of three novel host species.\" 152 (2009)","DOI":"10.1638\/2008-0011.1"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JH Bos, FC Klip, H Sprong, et al.  \"Ticks Tick Borne Dis.\"  8, \"Clinical outbreak of babesiosis caused by Babesia capreoli in captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in the Netherlands.\" 799 (2017)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.06.006"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"\"Basic local alignment search tool (BLAST).\"  (2022)"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Abdullah, C Helps, S Tasker, et al.  \"Med Vet Entomol.\"  32, \"Prevalence and distribution of Borrelia and Babesia species in ticks feeding on dogs in the UK.\" 14 (2018)","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12257"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RE. 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Fanelli,  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  294, \"A historical review of Babesia spp. associated with deer in Europe: Babesia divergens\/Babesia divergens\u2013like, Babesia capreoli, Babesia venatorum, Babesia cf. odocoilei.\" 109433 (2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2021.109433"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Gray, P Capewell, R Zadoks, et al.  \"Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis.\"  1, \"Wild deer in the United Kingdom are a potential reservoir for the livestock parasite Babesia divergens.\" 100019 (2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Hoby, A Mathis, MG Doherr, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  45, \"Babesia capreoli infections in alpine chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra), roe deer (Capreolus c. capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Switzerland.\" 748 (2009)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-45.3.748"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Johnson, M Golding, LP. Phipps,  \"Pathogens.\"  10, \"Detection of tick-borne pathogens in red deer (Cervus elaphus), United Kingdom.\" 640 (2021)","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060640"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Kawahara, Y Rikihisa, Q Lin, et al.  \"Appl Environ Microbiol.\"  72, \"Novel genetic variants of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma bovis, Anaplasma centrale, and a novel Ehrlichia sp. in wild deer and ticks on two major islands in Japan.\" 1102 (2006)","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.2.1102-1109.2006"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Langton, J Gray, P Waters, et al.  \"Parasitol Res.\"  89, \"Naturally acquired babesiosis in a reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) herd in Great Britain.\" 194 (2003)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0737-x"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Malandrin, M Jouglin, Y Sun, et al.  \"Int J Parasitol.\"  40, \"Redescription of Babesia capreoli (Enigk and Friedhoff, 1962) from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus): isolation, cultivation, host specificity, molecular characterisation and differentiation from Babesia divergens.\" 277 (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.08.008"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Medlock, KM Hansford, A Bormane, et al.  \"Parasit Vectors.\"  6, \"Driving forces for changes in geographical distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe.\" 1 (2013)","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-1"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Medlock  and SA Leach  \"Lancet Infect Dis.\"  15, \"Effect of climate change on vector-borne disease risk in the UK.\" 721 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)70091-5"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EL Milnes, GL Thornton, P Delnatte, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  55, \"Molecular detection of Babesia odocoilei in wild, farmed, and zoo cervids in Ontario, Canada.\" 335 (2019)","DOI":"10.7589\/2018-06-147"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ON Schwint, MW Ueti, GH Palmer, et al.  \"Antimicrob Agents Chemother.\"  53, \"Imidocarb dipropionate clears persistent Babesia caballi infection with elimination of transmission potential.\" 4327 (2009)","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00404-09"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JD Scott, MS Sajid, EL Pascoe, et al.  \"Diagnostics.\"  11, \"Detection of Babesia odocoilei in humans with babesiosis symptoms.\" 947 (2021)","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11060947"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Tamura, G Stecher, S. Kumar,  \"Mol Biol Evol.\"  38, \"MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11.\" 3022 (2021)","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:18:10Z","timestamp":1791245890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-55\/issue-3\/2023-0140\/DETECTION-OF-BABESIA-CF-ODOCOILEI-BABESIA-CAPREOLI-AND-ANAPLASMA-PHAGOCYTOPHILUM\/10.1638\/2023-0140.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2023-0140","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]}}}