{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:54:26Z","timestamp":1791248066100,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Antemortem serodiagnosis of aspergillosis remains challenging in Sphenisciformes. Protein electrophoresis, serology (antibody, antigen) by ELISA, and gliotoxin detection provide variable diagnostic value. In the present study, a commercially available Western blot (WB) validated for use in humans and dolphins was adapted for use with penguin samples. Using the same method and reagents, samples were analyzed from multiple institutions in the United States and one facility in France. This was inclusive of normal juvenile African penguins (Spheniscus demersus, n = 10) and various species of penguins in the United States with confirmed infection (n = 9) as well as 52 samples from Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) in France. Cumulative WB scores (based on reactivity to different antigens) were found to be significantly higher in the group of penguins with confirmed infection (p &lt; 0.0001). Significant differences were also observed between the clinically normal penguins in the two populations, with higher scores in the United States (median score 1.0, 95%CI [0\u20135], min 0, max 11) compared to France (median score 0,95%CI [0\u20130], min 0, max 5). The utilization of the WB as a diagnostic tool is inconclusive due to the use of samples from varying institutions, environmental background, age, and stages of infection. However, this tool may provide an overview of antigen reactivity in penguins infected with Aspergillus to help design a more robust serology assay and further understand the humoral immune response during infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2024-0008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T05:46:56Z","timestamp":1725515216000},"page":"595-601","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["ADAPTATION OF A COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE WESTERN BLOT KIT FOR THE DETECTION OF ANTIBODY TO ASPERGILLUS IN PENGUINS IN FRANCE AND THE UNITED STATES"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Antoine","family":"Leclerc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Piarroux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Callico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Bronson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Cray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AE Rivas, MJ Dykstra, K Kranz, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  49, \"Environmental fungal loads in an indoor\u2013outdoor African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) exhibit.\" 542 (2018)","DOI":"10.1638\/2017-0119.1"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Cray, T Watson, M Rodriguez, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  40, \"Application of galactomannan analysis and protein electrophoresis in the diagnosis of aspergillosis in avian species.\" 64 (2009)","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0138.1"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G Desoubeaux, M Rodriguez, E Bronson, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  49, \"Application of 3-hydroxybutyrate measurement and plasma protein electrophoresis in the diagnosis of aspergillosis in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus).\" 696 (2018)","DOI":"10.1638\/2017-0172.1"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Arn\u00e9, V Risco-Castillo, G Jouvion, et al.  \"J Fungi.\"  7, \"Aspergillosis in wild birds.\" 241 (2021)","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7030241"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Cateau, A Leclerc, N Cartier, et al.  \"Med Mycol.\"  60, \"Aspergillosis in a colony of Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) under managed care: a clinical and environmental investigation in a French zoological park.\" myac046 (2022)","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myac046"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Cray, T Watson, KL Arheart,  \"Avian Diseases.\"  53, \"Serosurvey and diagnostic application of antibody titers to Aspergillus in avian species.\" 491 (2009)","DOI":"10.1637\/8673-030209-Reg.1"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Desoubeaux, D Chauvin, MDC Piqueras, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  13, \"Translational proteomic study to address host protein changes during aspergillosis.\" e0200843 (2018)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200843"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Desoubeaux, C Le-Bert, V Fravel, et al.  \"Med Mycol.\"  56, \"Evaluation of a genus-specific ELISA and a commercial Aspergillus Western blot IgG R immunoblot kit for the diagnosis of aspergillosis in common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus).\" 847 (2018)","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx114"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AC German, EJ Flach, GS Shankland, et al.  \"Vet Rec.\"  150, \"Development of an indirect ELISA for the detection of serum antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus in captive penguins.\" 513 (2002)","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.150.16.513"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S H\u00e4rtle, KE Magor, TW G\u00f6bel, et al.  \"Avian immunology.\"  \"Chapter 5 - 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Wallace,  \"Fowler's zoo and wild animal medicine.\"  8, \"Chapter 10: Sphenisciformes (Penguins).\" 82 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-7397-8.00010-4"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X Zhang, RA Calvert, BJ Sutton, et al.  \"Biol Rev.\"  92, \"IGY: a key isotype in antibody evolution.\" 2144 (2017)","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12325"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:18:16Z","timestamp":1791245896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-55\/issue-3\/2024-0008\/ADAPTATION-OF-A-COMMERCIALLY-AVAILABLE-WESTERN-BLOT-KIT-FOR-THE\/10.1638\/2024-0008.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2024-0008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]}}}