{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:57:11Z","timestamp":1791244631970,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chemical restraint, whether remote via dart or via hand injection is essential for many veterinary procedures in captive and wild Panthera spp. but carries risk both to the animal and staff involved. Anecdotal patient safety concerns have been raised for the use of Tiletamine-Zolazepam (TZ), particularly in tigers, that have since been disputed. This investigation assesses the incidence of multiple reported anesthetic complications, including ataxia, respiratory depression\/apnea, seizures, bradycardia and retching\/vomiting, in captive Panthera spp. immobilized with Ketamine-Medetomidine or TZ-Medetomidine. Three hundred and two anesthetic records were provided by Dr. John Lewis with 44% reporting at least one complication (n = 133). Seventeen sedations using ketamine-medetomidine (9.7%) were reported to provide inadequate depth or require top-up ketamine compared to 12.5% (n = 16) in the TZ-medetomidine group. Species, age, reason for immobilization and requirement for maintenance with isoflurane were identified as significant confounding variables within these data. There was no significant difference in the risk of respiratory depression and seizures in tigers immobilized with ketamine-medetomidine or TZ-medetomidine. However, the TZ group were more likely to be ataxic on recovery. There was no significant difference in risk when immobilizing lions with either protocol. Leopards experienced significantly more complications with TZ-medetomidine than ketamine-medetomidine or TZ as a sole agent, suggesting that this is linked to an unknown confounding variable and not the drugs used. In conclusion, this study identified no justification for the contraindication for TZ in the chemical restraint of Panthera spp. including P. tigris.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2024-0018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T04:24:12Z","timestamp":1741580652000},"page":"16-24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY COMPARING THE SAFETY OF KETAMINE-MEDETOMIDINE AND TILETAMINE-ZOLAZEPAM-MEDETOMIDINE FOR CHEMICAL RESTRAINT OF CAPTIVE PANTHERA SPP."],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Norman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elliott","family":"Simpson-Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AM Baylis, B Page, I Staniland, et al.  \"Mar Mam Sci.\"  31, \"Taking the sting out of darting: Risks, restraint drugs and procedures for the chemical restraint of Southern Hemisphere otariids.\" 322 (2015)","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.12148"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Bharathidasan, BJ William, R Jayaprakash, et al.  \"Intl J Dev Res.\"  6, \"Effect of Immobilization and Anesthesia on Certain Haemato-Biochemical Parameters in Asiatic Lions (Panthera leo persica).\" 9408 (2016)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3524484"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"I Biaggioni  and D Robertson  \"Basic Clin Pharm.\"  12, \"Adrenoceptor agonists & sympathomimetic drugs.\" 129 (2009)"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Bille, V Auvigne, E Bomassi, et al.  \"Vet Anesth Analg.\"  41, \"An evidence-based medicine approach to small animal anesthetic mortality in a referral practice: the influence of initiating three recommendations on subsequent anesthetic deaths.\" 249 (2014)","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12116"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JC Brearley, H Dobson, RS Jones,  \"J Vet Pharmacol Therapeut.\"  13, \"Investigations into the effect of two sedatives on the stress response in cattle.\" 367 (1990)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1990.tb00791.x"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. 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Fitz-Henry,  \"Ann The Royal Col Surg Eng.\"  93, \"The ASA classification and peri-operative risk.\" 185 (2011)","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2011.93.3.185a"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SF Forsyth, RG Machon, VP Walsh,  \"N Zl Vet J.\"  47, \"Anaesthesia of a Sumatran tiger on eight occasions with ketamine, medetomidine and isoflurane.\" 105 (1999)","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1999.36123"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J Goodrich, A Lynam, D Miquelle, et al.  \"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.\"  \"Panthera tigris.\" e.T15955A50659951 (2015)","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Gunkel  and M Lafortune  \"Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia.\"  \"Felids.\" 443 (2007)","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470376478.ch39"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LH Herbst, C Packer, US Seal,  \"J Wildl Disease.\"  21, \"Immobilization of free-ranging African lions (Panthera leo) with a combination of xylazine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride.\" 401 (1985)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-21.4.401"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Jacquier, P Aarhaug, JM Arnemo, et al.  \"J Wildl Disease.\"  42, \"Reversible immobilization of free-ranging African lions (Panthera leo) with medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam and atipamezole.\" 432 (2006)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.2.432"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HH. Jalanka,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  \"Medetomidine-and ketamine-induced immobilization of snow leopards (Panthera uncia): doses, evaluation, and reversal by atipamezole.\" 154 (1989)","DOI":"10.2307\/20094864"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6 Johansson, J Malmsten, C Mishra, et al.  \"J Wildl Disease.\"  49, \"Reversible immobilization of free-ranging Snow Leopards (Panthera uncia) with a combination of medetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam.\" 338 (2013)","DOI":"10.7589\/2012-02-049"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TJ Kreeger  and DL Armstrong  \"J Wildl Management.\"  74, \"Tigers and Telazolw: the unintended evolution of caution to contraindication.\" 1183 (2010)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01238.x"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Laricchiuta, V De Monte, M Campolo, et al.  \"Zoo Biol.\"  34, \"Immobilization of captive tigers (Panthera tigris) with a combination of tiletamine, zolazepam, and 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Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:29:26Z","timestamp":1791242966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-56\/issue-1\/2024-0018\/A-RETROSPECTIVE-STUDY-COMPARING-THE-SAFETY-OF-KETAMINE-MEDETOMIDINE-AND\/10.1638\/2024-0018.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2024-0018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]}}}