{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:51:12Z","timestamp":1791247872775,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Yersiniosis due to Yersinia psuedotuberculosis can be associated with high morbidity and mortality in various species and has been a cosmopolitan management challenge in zoological institutions. This gram-negative, environmental bacterium thrives in cold, wet conditions and poses a risk to zoo species. Outbreaks can be costly and impact conservation efforts through loss of threatened and endangered species. Antemortem or clinical diagnosis can be challenging due to intermittent fecal shedding and nonspecific clinical signs. This case series describes common clinical presentations, typical postmortem findings, and response to treatment and prophylaxis at four North American zoological institutions. In total, five outbreaks occurred at four institutions during the winter months from 2013 to 2021. Artiodactyls were by far the most common species involved, and clinical signs included separation from the herd, lethargy, diarrhea, and unexpected death. Other species affected in these outbreaks included cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), a great-tailed grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus), a rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus moluccanus), and a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Necrotizing enteritis with sepsis and pneumonia were common postmortem findings. Mortality rates were originally 76.7%, and herd prophylaxis with a third-generation cephalosporin reduced these rates. These data describe the observational and diagnostic tools to aid in timely diagnosis of a Yersinia outbreak across taxa. Aggressive treatment or prophylaxis were shown to improve survival rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2024-0024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T06:37:48Z","timestamp":1734331068000},"page":"1095-1103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGIC PRESENTATIONS OF YERSINIOSIS IN VARIOUS NONDOMESTIC SPECIES: AN INVESTIGATION OF YERSINIA PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS OUTBREAKS FROM FOUR NORTH AMERICAN ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONS"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Melanie","family":"Peel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Hardgrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Swenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Clancy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Marinkovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M.","family":"Garner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Haefele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjam\u00edn Alcantar","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven V.","family":"Kubiski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SE. Sanford,  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  7, \"Outbreaks of yersiniosis caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in farmed cervids.\" 78 (1995)","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879500700112"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GB Baskin, RJ Montali, M Bush, et al.  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  171, \"Yersiniosis in captive exotic mammals.\" 908 (1977)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1977.171.09.908"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ME Ceccolini, SK Macgregor, S Spiro, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  51, \"Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infections in primates, artiodactyls, and birds within a zoological facility in the United Kingdom.\" 527 (2020)","DOI":"10.1638\/2019-0205"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Quintard, T Petit, N Ruvoen, et al.  \"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis.\"  33, \"Efficacy of an oral live vaccine for veterinary use against pseudotuberculosis.\" e59 (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2009.12.001"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LL Farina  and JS Lankton  \"Pathology of wildlife and zoo animals.\"  \"Chiroptera.\" 607 (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805306-5.00025-0"},{"key":"1","unstructured":"\"The Accreditation Standards and Related Policies.\"  (c2020)"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"M Bielli, S Lauzi, A Pratelli, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  30, \"Pseudotuberculosis in marmosets, tamarins, and Goeldi's monkeys (Callithrichidae\/Callimiconidae) housed at a European zoo.\" 532 (1999)"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ML Cabot, TT Negr\u00e3o Watanabe, M Womble, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  53, \"Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in lions (Panthera leo) at a zoological park.\" 593 (2022)","DOI":"10.1638\/2021-0106"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PW Gasper  and RP Watson  \"Infectious diseases of wild mammals.\"  \"Plague and yersiniosis.\" 313 (2001)","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470344880.ch19"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"M Gombac, T Svara, I Zdovc, et al.  \"Slov Vet Zb.\"  45, \"Yersiniosis in captive capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris).\" 117 (2008)"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"JA Hammerl, A Barac, A Bienert, et al.  \"Front Microbiol.\"  12, \"Birds kept in the German zoo \u201cTierpark Berlin\u201d are a common source for polyvalent Yersinia pseudotuberculosis phages.\" 634289 (2022)","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.634289"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JA Hammerl, N Vom Ort, A Barac, et al.  \"J Clin Microbiol.\"  59, \"Analysis of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis isolates recovered from deceased mammals of a German zoo animal collection.\" e03125 (2021)","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03125-20"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Holz,  \"Vet Rec.\"  134, \"A review of pseudotuberculosis in mara at Whipsnade Wild Animal Park (1967\u20131990).\" 653 (1994)","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.134.25.653"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S-I Nakamura, H Hayashidani, A Yonezawa, et al.  \"J Vet Diagn.\"  27, \"Yersiniosis due to infection by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 4b in captive meerkats (Suricata suricatta) in Japan.\" 641 (2015)","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638715596035"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Owston, C Wu, J Ramos-Vara,  \"J Vet Diagn.\"  18, \"Hepatic Yersiniosis in a cougar (Felis concolor).\" 511 (2006)","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870601800520"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Pereira, MF Stidworthy, D Denk, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  52, \"A retrospective study of morbidity and mortality identified at postmortem examination of captive langurs (Trachypithecus spp) from six United Kingdom zoological institutions: a 19-year review.\" 1123 (2021)","DOI":"10.1638\/2021-0022"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"JG Songer  and KW Post  \"Veterinary microbiology: bacterial and fungal agents of animal disease.\"  \"The Genus Yersinia.\" 137 (2005)"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KJ Stanger, H McGregor, M Marenda, et al.  \"N Z Vet J.\"  67, \"Assessment of the efficacy of an autogenous vaccine against Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in young Merino sheep.\" 27 (2019)","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2018.1523758"},{"key":"19","unstructured":"C. Williams,  \"Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians, Wildlife Disease Association Joint Conference.\"  \"A review of pseudotuberculosis at European zoos: epidemiology and approaches to control.\" 303 (2004)"},{"key":"20","unstructured":"M Womble, ML Cabot, T Harrison, et al.  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  \"Outbreak in African lions of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection with aberrant bacterial morphology.\" 10406387211072822 (2022)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:55:41Z","timestamp":1791244541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-55\/issue-4\/2024-0024\/CLINICAL-AND-PATHOLOGIC-PRESENTATIONS-OF-YERSINIOSIS-IN-VARIOUS-NONDOMESTIC-SPECIES\/10.1638\/2024-0024.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2024-0024","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]}}}