{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:57:12Z","timestamp":1791244632006,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac disease is a common cause of mortality in many primates housed in zoological settings. At the Bronx Zoo, between 2007 and 2018, there were ten incidences of sudden cardiac death in adult male geladas (Theropithecus gelada), none of which showed premonitory signs. Due to concerns of occult cardiac disease and fatal arrhythmogenic events, complete cardiac examinations were performed in three clinically normal, adult male geladas. Examinations included thoracic radiographs, transthoracic echocardiograms (echo), 12-lead ECG, and continuous ECG monitoring using an Implantable Loop Recorder (Reveal LINQTM Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN 55432, USA). Serum lipid profiles, vitamin E concentration, cardiac troponin I isoform (cTnI), and complete blood work were also performed. Wireless downloads from the implantable loop recorders were obtained intermittently for up to 2.5 years after placement. One male had an elevated cTnI level (210 ng\/L), reduced ejection fraction (46%), and multiple episodes of supraventricular tachycardia and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. Due to the abnormalities on ECG and echo, he was treated with metoprolol and lisinopril. Treatment was continued for nearly two years, until the animal had sudden cardiac death secondary to sustained ventricular fibrillation, which was confirmed by postmortem download of the loop recorder data and correlated with histologic evidence of cardiomyopathy. Implantable loop recorders greatly enhance the ability to diagnose and treat arrhythmias in primates and understand the mechanisms behind sudden cardiac deaths. Further studies are needed to establish cTnI, echocardiogram, and electrocardiogram reference ranges for this species, as well as appropriate treatment protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2024-0044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T04:24:46Z","timestamp":1741580686000},"page":"175-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["CARDIAC ASSESSMENTS AND IMPLANTABLE LOOP RECORDER PLACEMENT IN THREE MALE GELADAS (THEROPITHECUS GELADA)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Stephanie H.","family":"Zec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Hollinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori","family":"Croft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"D'Andrea,","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica E.","family":"Moody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen","family":"McCann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EJ Baitchman, PP Calle, TL Clippinger, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  37, \"Preliminary evaluation of blood lipid profiles in captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla).\" 126 (2006)","DOI":"10.1638\/05-064.1"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TJ Bergman, L Ho, JC Beehner,  \"Int J Primatol.\"  30, \"Chest color and social status in male geladas (Theropithecus gelada).\" 791 (2009)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-009-9374-x"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"AG Brady, JW Watford, CV Massey, et al.  \"Comp Med.\"  53, \"Studies of heart disease and failure in aged female squirrel monkeys (Samiri sp.).\" 657 (2003)"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CG Brilla, RC Funck, H Rupp,  \"Circulation.\"  102, \"Lisinopril-mediated regression of myocardial fibrosis in patients with hypertensive heart disease.\" 1388 (2000)","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.12.1388"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AM. 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36 (2016)","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13801"},{"key":"31","unstructured":"M Rishniw, AM Schiavetta, TO Johnson, et al.  \"Comp Med.\"  55, \"Cardiomyopathy in captive owl monkeys (Aotus nancymae).\" 162 (2005)"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Zinner, A Atickem, JC Beehner, et al.  \"PLoS ONE.\"  13, \"Phylogeography, mitochondrial DNA diversity, and demographic history of geladas (Theropithecus gelada).\" e0202303 (2018)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202303"},{"key":"27","unstructured":"ER Magden, MM Sleeper, SJ Buchl, et al.  \"Comp Med.\"  66, \"Use of an implantable loop recorder in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) to monitor cardiac arrhythmias and assess the effects of acupuncture and laser therapy.\" 52 (2016)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:29:27Z","timestamp":1791242967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-56\/issue-1\/2024-0044\/CARDIAC-ASSESSMENTS-AND-IMPLANTABLE-LOOP-RECORDER-PLACEMENT-IN-THREE-MALE\/10.1638\/2024-0044.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2024-0044","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]}}}