{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:56:28Z","timestamp":1791244588858,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>African black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) are one of the most common penguin species exhibited in zoos and aquariums. Ophthalmic literature published in this species is limited to intraocular pressure (IOP) and corneal thickness. The objective of this research was to evaluate IOP (rebound tonometry; dog setting), tear production, corneal fluorescein staining, and ocular lesions from 48 eyes of 24 penguins (aged 4.29\u201329.58 yr) at Ripley's Aquarium of the Smokies. Statistical analysis revealed that tear production (12.68 \u00b1 4.59 mm\/min [mean \u00b1 SD], with a modified half strip in 25 eyes) was not affected by sex or weight or between left and right eyes. Schirmer tear measurements were observed to decrease with age (P = 0.008). IOP (29.81 \u00b1 4.88 mm Hg [mean \u00b1 SD]) was not affected by sex, weight, or age or between left and right eyes. Faint corneal fluorescein uptake was observed in four eyes, indicating stippled-to-patchy erosions on the corneal epithelium. Cataracts were the most common ocular lesion (50%; 12\/24 penguins) and mostly incipient anterior subcapsular. Increased age (P = 0.024) was determined to be a risk factor for cataracts. Other ocular lesions observed in this group were corneal fibrosis, diffuse chemosis, and perilimbal corneal conjunctivalization. This study contributes to species-specific ocular reference intervals for African black-footed penguins and characterizes their most common ocular lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2024-0052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T04:25:16Z","timestamp":1741580716000},"page":"96-103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["EVALUATION OF THE OCULAR PARAMETERS AND LESIONS IN A FLOCK OF AQUARIUM-HOUSED AFRICAN BLACK-FOOTED PENGUINS (SPHENISCUS DEMERSUS)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Kristina S.","family":"Vuong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Goldreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane Van","family":"Horn Hendrix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine H.","family":"Baine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Braidee C.","family":"Foote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie D.","family":"Sheldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G Barsotti, A Briganti, JR Spratte, et al.  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  26, \"Safety and efficacy of bilateral topical application of rocuronium bromide for mydriasis in European kestrels (Falco tinnunculus).\" 1 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(2015)","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12206"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"R Korbel  and P Leitenstorfer  \"Isr J Vet Med.\"  51, \"Clinical estimation of lacrimal function in various bird species using a modified Schirmer tear test.\" 171 (1996)"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SE Kuhn, MP Jones, DVH Hendrix, et al.  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  27, \"Normal ocular parameters and characterization of ophthalmic lesions in a group of captive bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus).\" 90 (2013)","DOI":"10.1647\/2012-032"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"M Leiva  and T Pe\u00f1a  \"Veterinary ophthalmology.\"  \"Diseases of the lens and cataract formation.\" 2021"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Li, YH Kim, W Li, et al.  \"Optom Vis Sci.\"  95, \"Human lacrimal production rates from modified Schirmer-tear test.\" 1 (2018)","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001196"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JA Mercado, G Wirtu, H Beaufr\u00e8re, et al.  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  24, \"Intraocular pressure in captive black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) measured by rebound tonometry.\" 138 (2010)","DOI":"10.1647\/2009-002.1"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SM Rajaei, MA Mood, H Khorram, et al.  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  29, \"Measurement of tear production using the phenol red thread test in the common mynah (Acridotheres tristis).\" 146 (2015)","DOI":"10.1647\/2013-079"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RL Swinger, JN Langan, R Hamor,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  40, \"Ocular bacterial flora, tear production, and intraocular pressure in a captive flock of Humbolt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti).\" 430 (2009)","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0126.1"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Telles, W Li, TJ Dursch, et al.  \"Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp.\"  521, \"Human tear-production rate from closed-eye Schirmer-strip capillary dynamics.\" 61 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2016.08.027"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HE Visser, KL Tofflemire, KR Love-Myers, et al.  \"Vet Ophthalmol.\"  20, \"Schirmer tear test I in dogs: results comparing placement in the ventral vs. dorsal conjunctival fornix.\" 522 (2017)","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12462"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LSH Westmoreland, CA Hadfield, LA Clayton, et al.  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  34, \"Ocular examinations and investigation of intraocular pressure, tear production, central corneal thickness, and corneal touch threshold in a captive flock of Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica).\" 123 (2020)","DOI":"10.1647\/1082-6742-34.2.123"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DL. Williams,  \"Vet Ophthalmol.\"  8, \"Analysis of tear uptake by the Schirmer tear test strip in the canine eye.\" 325 (2005)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2005.00421.x"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KL Rainwater, JM Sykes, JS Sapienza,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  46, \"Retrospective investigation of cataract management in avian species in a zoologic collection.\" 858 (2015)","DOI":"10.1638\/2015-0071.1"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Leasure, KN Gelatt, EO MacKay,  \"Vet Ophthalmol.\"  4, \"The relationship of cataract maturity to intraocular pressure in dogs.\" 273 (2001)","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5216.2001.00199.x"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Meekins, JA Stuckey, JW Carpenter, et al.  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  29, \"Ophthalmic diagnostic tests and ocular findings in a flock of captive American flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber).\" 95 (2015)","DOI":"10.1647\/2014-021"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Hartley, DL Williams, VJ Adams,  \"Vet Ophthalmol.\"  9, \"Effect of age, gender, weight, and time of day on tear production in normal dogs.\" 53 (2006)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2005.00437.x"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SJ Woodhouse, EL Peterson, T Schmitt,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  47, \"Evaluation of potential risk factors associated with cataract in captive macaroni (Eudyptes chrysolophus) and rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome).\" 806 (2016)","DOI":"10.1638\/2015-0252.1"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Trumpp, S Sander, W Sander, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  52, \"Retrospective study of morbidity and mortality of African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) under managed care in North America: 2007\u20132018.\" 1135 (2021)","DOI":"10.1638\/2020-0224"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:29:29Z","timestamp":1791242969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-56\/issue-1\/2024-0052\/EVALUATION-OF-THE-OCULAR-PARAMETERS-AND-LESIONS-IN-A-FLOCK\/10.1638\/2024-0052.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2024-0052","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]}}}