{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:56:23Z","timestamp":1791946583224,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>All of the animals in a group of 58 juvenile caiman lizards (Dracaena guianensis) imported to Europe from a breeding farm in Peru presented, one after the other, with prostration, dyspnea, and anorexia. Six animals that died or were euthanized were examined by histopathology, PCR for the detection of ferlaviruses, adenoviruses, reoviruses (n = 3), and cryptosporidia, and virus isolation in cell culture (n = 4). The genomes of two virus isolates were sequenced by nanopore sequencing. Histopathology showed interstitial proliferative pneumonia, multifocal lymphocytic pancreatitis with acinar atrophy, mild hypertrophic enteritis with cryptosporidiosis, mild multifocal proliferative mixed-cell rhinitis, and diffuse mild hepatic lipidosis. PCRs were positive for ferlaviruses (4\/6 lizards), adenoviruses (2\/6), and cryptosporidia (2\/6). Ferlaviruses were isolated from four animals and subsequent genome sequencing showed the virus to be closely related to a ferlavirus previously described in green anacondas (Eunectes murinus) in Hong Kong. Sequencing of the adenovirus PCR products indicated that these were a novel barthadenovirus (previously atadenovirus). The cryptosporidia were identified as Cryptosporidium avium. Although multiple pathogens were detected in these animals, ferlavirus infection is the most likely cause of the severe disease outbreak. Stress and the other pathogens likely contributed to disease severity. This is an example of the role the pet trade can play in the international movement of pathogens, and confirms again that lizards can be affected by ferlaviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2024-0074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T04:34:16Z","timestamp":1749098056000},"page":"452-462","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["MULTIPLE INFECTIONS IN CAIMAN LIZARDS (DRACAENA GUIANENSIS) IMPORTED INTO EUROPE FROM PERU"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Marschang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Fran\u00e7ois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Paillusseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Gandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janosch","family":"Dietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Pocknell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norin","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Blahak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiaan","family":"Theuns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tibor","family":"Papp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Schilliger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EJ Flach, MP Dagleish, Y Feltrer, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  49, \"Ferlavirus-related deaths in a collection of viperid snakes.\" 983 (2018)","DOI":"10.1638\/2017-0223.1"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Gravendyck, P Ammermann, RE Marschang, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  34, \"Paramyxoviral and reoviral infections of iguanas on Honduran islands.\" 33 (1998)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-34.1.33"},{"key":"25","unstructured":"ER Jacobson, JM Gaskin, S Wells, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  23, \"Epizootic of ophidian paramyxovirus in a zoological collection: Pathological, microbiological, and serological findings.\" 318 (1992)"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Kolesnik, TH Hyndman, E M\u00fcller, et al.  \"BMC Vet Res.\"  15, \"Comparison of three different PCR protocols for the detection of ferlaviruses.\" 281 (2019)","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2028-0"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RE Marschang, T Papp, JW Frost,  \"Virus Res.\"  144, \"Comparison of paramyxovirus isolates from snakes, lizards and a tortoise.\" 272 (2009)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2009.05.011"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MD Abbas, I Ball, Z Ruckova, et al.  \"J Herpetol Med Surg.\"  22, \"Virological screening of bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps ) and the first detection of paramyxoviruses in this species.\" 86 (2012)","DOI":"10.5818\/1529-9651-22.3.86"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MD Abbas, RE Marschang, V Schmidt, et al.  \"Vet Microbiol.\"  150, \"A unique novel reptilian paramyxovirus, four atadenovirus types and a reovirus identified in a concurrent infection of a corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus ) collection in Germany.\" 70 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.01.010"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W Ahne, WN Batts, G Kurath, et al.  \"Virus Res.\"  63, \"Comparative sequence analysis of sixteen reptilian paramyxoviruses.\" 65 (1999)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(99)00059-3"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EJ Bak, Y Jho, GH Woo,  \"Arch Virol.\"  163, \"Detection and phylogenetic analysis of a new adenoviral polymerase gene in reptiles in Korea.\" 1663 (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-3772-3"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SL Benge, TH Hyndman, RS Funk, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  50, \"Identification of helodermatid adenovirus 2 in a captive central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps ), wild Gila monters (Heloderma suspectum ), and a death adder (Acanthophis antarcticus ).\" 238 (2019)","DOI":"10.1638\/2017-0016"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"S. 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(2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2014.12.019"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Schilliger, V Mentre, RE Marschang, et al.  \"Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere.\"  44, \"Triple infection with agamid adenovirus 1, Encephalitozoon cuniculi-like microsporidium and enteric coccidia in a bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps ).\" 355 (2016)","DOI":"10.15654\/TPK-150790"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Solis, R Arguedas, M Baldi, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  48, \"Seroprevalence and molecular characterization of ferlavirus in captive vipers of Costa Rica.\" 420 (2017)","DOI":"10.1638\/2014-0200R4.1"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Theuns, B Vanmechelen, Q Bernaert, et al.  \"Sci Rep.\"  8, \"Nanopore sequencing as a revolutionary diagnostic tool for porcine viral enteric disease complexes identifies porcine kobuvirus as an important enteric virus.\" 9830 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Valdez,  \"Animals.\"  11, \"Using google trends to determine current, past, and future trends in the reptile pet trade.\" 676 (2021)","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030676"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Kubota, T Tokiwa, K Matsubara, et al.  \"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl.\"  11, \"Detection and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium species in wild-caught pet spiny-tailed lizards.\" 83 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2020.01.002"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:13:20Z","timestamp":1791242000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-56\/issue-2\/2024-0074\/MULTIPLE-INFECTIONS-IN-CAIMAN-LIZARDS-DRACAENA-GUIANENSIS-IMPORTED-INTO-EUROPE\/10.1638\/2024-0074.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2024-0074","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]}}}