{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:59:35Z","timestamp":1791237575170,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Goiter or thyroid enlargement has been frequently reported at postmortem examination in Eastern bongos (Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci). It has been hypothesized that associated thyroid hormone disturbance may be a cause of poor reproductive performance in captive bongos, but thyroid histology or hormone analysis are rarely described. Thyroid glands from 39 individuals within the European captive population were examined grossly, with goiter observed in 64.1% (n = 25) of individuals, of which 96.0% (24\/25) had multinodular lesions. Older animals were significantly more likely to develop goiter (P = 0.004), with goiter present in individuals from 6 yrs of age. There was no correlation between the presence of goiter and reproductive success or body condition. Thyroid glands from 16 bongos were examined histologically by a board-certified veterinary pathologist. Histologic lesions were identified in all 16 samples and included giant colloid follicles (100.0%), interstitial fibrosis (93.8%), hyperplastic collapsed follicles (75.0%), papillary fronds (62.5%), inflammation (25.0%), and mineralization (12.5%). No neoplasia was found. Multinodular colloid goiter appears to be the most common thyroid lesion within the European Eastern bongo population. Serum samples collected within 30 d prior to death were available for 25\/39 animals, both with and without goiter. Total triiodothyronine (tT3), free triiodothyronine (fT3) and total thyroxine (tT4) concentrations were validated and analyzed by competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay using bovine ELISA kits. No thyroid hormone levels correlated to goiter presence. Findings suggest that although highly prevalent, colloid goiter is euthyroid and does not impact on reproductive success or body condition in Eastern bongos. The cause of goiter in this species remains unknown.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2024-0114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T07:31:49Z","timestamp":1767511909000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CHARACTERIZATION OF GOITER IN CAPTIVE EUROPEAN EASTERN BONGO (TRAGELAPHUS EURYCERUS ISAACI) AND ITS IMPACT ON REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND BODY CONDITION"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3774-6298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte E.","family":"Bentley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Rowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Chantrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie L.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabby J.","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SL Bartlett, KL Arheart, MM Garner,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  50, \"Retrospective analysis of mortality in captive bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus), 1995-2015.\" 303 (2019)","DOI":"10.1638\/2018-0175"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FK Al-Ani, WA Khamas, KM Al-Qudah, et al.  \"Small Rumin Res.\"  28, \"Occurrence of congenital anomalies in Shami breed goats: 211 cases investigated in 19 herds.\" 225 (1998)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4488(97)00090-4"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MC Allender, M Briggs, CF Shipley,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  38, \"Hypothyroidism in an African forest buffalo (Syncerus caffer nanus).\" 143 (2007)","DOI":"10.1638\/05-085.1"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Anderson, MM Garner, N Steadman,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  47, \"Retrospective evaluation of histopathologic findings in captive Gazelle species.\" 113 (2016)","DOI":"10.1638\/2015-0086.1"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Doi, S Shifrin, P Santisteban, et al.  \"Endocrinology.\"  127, \"Familial goiter in bongo antelope (Tragelaphus eurycerus).\" 857 (1990)","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-127-2-857"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"S Filetti, RM Tuttle, S Leboulleux, et al.  \"Williams textbook of endocrinology.\"  \"Euthyroid diffuse goiter, nodular thyroid disorders and thyroid malignancies.\" 433 (2020)"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JE Flower, MC Allender, RP Giovanelli, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  46, \"Circulating concentrations of thyroid hormone in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas): Influence of age, sex and season.\" 456 (2015)","DOI":"10.1638\/2014-0127.1"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SJ French, MM Garner, M Kiupel,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  49, \"Histopathologic characteristics of thyroid gland neoplasms in Thomson's gazelles (Eudorcus thomsonii).\" 64 (2018)","DOI":"10.1638\/2017-0017R1.1"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Ghaznavi, K Lithgow, V Agrawal, et al.  \"Encyclopedia of endocrine diseases.\"  4, \"Nontoxic goiter\" 524 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801238-3.96012-4"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LL Gorza, EC de Oliveira, CE Lopes, et al.  \"Acta Sci Vet.\"  49, \"Abortion in Captive Gray Brocket Deer (Mazama gouazoubira) Associated with Colloid Goiter, Hemonchosis and Necrotizing Rumenitis.\" 693 (2021)","DOI":"10.22456\/1679-9216.114003"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Heilo, E Sigstad, K Gr\u00f8holt,  \"Atlas of thyroid lesions.\"  \"Nodular or colloid goiter, hyperplasia and cysts.\" 19 (2010)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6010-8_3"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VT Hoang  and CT Trihn  \"Euro Endocrinol.\"  16, \"A review of the pathology, diagnosis and management of colloid goitre.\" 131 (2020)","DOI":"10.17925\/EE.2020.16.2.131"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Hunnick, CR Jackson, R May, et al.  \"Conserv Physiol.\"  8, \"Triidothyronine (T3) levels fluctuate in response to ambient temperature rather than nutritional status in a wild tropical ungulate.\" coaa105 (2020)","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coaa105"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"\"Tragelaphus eurycerus ssp. isaaci. 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