{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:52:04Z","timestamp":1791240724937,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) are considered high risk for anesthetic complications. Interestingly, few recent peer-reviewed studies have evaluated morbidity and mortality in immobilized giraffe under managed care. Given that giraffe may require anesthesia due to their large size and potential to cause harm, a more scientific evaluation of the risks associated with the various types of immobilization procedures is warranted. Pasture immobilizations are often considered particularly high risk due to lack of control over the animal's environment. Other perceived risks include interference by conspecifics and a delay in being able to obtain head control of the anesthetized animal. Fossil Rim Wildlife Center has a long history of pasture immobilizations in giraffe, allowing for a standardized procedure that has varied little over its 35-yr history. This allows for the unique opportunity to evaluate morbidity and mortality associated with pasture immobilizations, while minimizing other variables. A retrospective evaluation of pasture immobilizations in giraffe over 18-yr was performed (starting with the onset of consistent electronic medical records). During this period, 50 pasture immobilizations were reported. No life-threatening complications occurred in any cases. Ages ranged from 3 mon to 33 yr, with 24% of animals being over the age of 25. Duration of anesthesia from darting to reversal averaged 68 min (minimum = 24 min; maximum = 157 min). Five procedures were for the expressed intent of euthanasia. In the remaining 45 procedures, no mortalities were reported. This study shows a minimal risk associated with pasture immobilizations when performed with experienced staff under consistent circumstances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2024-0118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T09:02:05Z","timestamp":1759309325000},"page":"525-532","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH 50 INDIVIDUAL PASTURE IMMOBILIZATIONS OF GIRAFFE (GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS) OVER 18 YEARS (2004\u20132022) AT A SINGLE INSTITUTION"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Swenson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Shea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Eyres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly J.","family":"Haefele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MF. Bertelsen,  \"Zoo and wild animal medicine, Volume 8, Current therapy.\"  \"Giraffidae.\" 602 (2014)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-7397-8.00061-X"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Bush  and V de Vos  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  18, \"Observations on field immobilizations of free-ranging giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) using carfentanil and xylazine.\" 135 (1987)","DOI":"10.2307\/20094823"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SB Citino  and M Bush  \"Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia.\"  \"Giraffidae.\" 595 (2014)","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470376478.ch52"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"RE Conway, L Schmidt, H Haefele, et al.  \"Proc Am Assoc Zoo Vet.\"  \"Case series: mandibulectomy procedure and management in giraffe (Giraffa spp.).\" 2022"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Deacon, W Daffue, P Nel, et al.  \"Animals.\"  12, \"Effective field immobilisation and capture of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis).\" 1290 (2022)","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12101290"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KW Delk, KR Mama, S Rao, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  50, \"Comparison of anesthesia of adult giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) using medetomidine\u2013ketamine with and without a potent opioid.\" 457 (2019)","DOI":"10.1638\/2018-0119"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"VA. Langman,  \"S Afr J Sci.\"  69, \"The immobilization and capture of giraffes.\" 200 (1973)"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Vitali, EK Kariuki, D Mijele, et al.  \"Animals.\"  10, \"Etorphine\u2013Azaperone immobilisation for translocation of free-ranging Masai giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchii): a pilot study.\" 322 (2020)","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020322"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MF Bertelsen, C Gr\u00f8ndahl, GF Stegmann, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  48, \"Accuracy of noninvasive anesthetic monitoring in the anesthetized giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis).\" 609 (2017)","DOI":"10.1638\/2016-0276.1"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Dadone,  \"Zoo and wild animal medicine, Volume 9, Current therapy.\"  \"Lameness diagnosis and management in zoo giraffe.\" 623 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-55228-8.00088-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:00:13Z","timestamp":1791237613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-56\/issue-3\/2024-0118\/MORBIDITY-AND-MORTALITY-ASSOCIATED-WITH-50-INDIVIDUAL-PASTURE-IMMOBILIZATIONS-OF\/10.1638\/2024-0118.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2024-0118","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}}}