{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:55:07Z","timestamp":1791244507231,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The common loon (Gavia immer) is considered a sentinel of ecosystem health, and declines in this species have been linked to several different drivers. Loons are widely recognized as being very sensitive to fungal respiratory disease, and this has proven a major barrier to successful clinical care and rehabilitation. The goal of the present study was to assess the presence of antibody reactivity to Aspergillus with secondary testing including Aspergillus antigen and gliotoxin detection as well as plasma protein electrophoresis and complete blood count as sample volume permitted. Conducted over two years in collaboration with multiple centers in Maine, New Hampshire, and Florida, samples were collected in the Northeast from healthy wild adult and juvenile birds (n = 72) as well as clinically abnormal birds presented for rehabilitation (n = 29). In addition, a cohort of rehabilitation samples was obtained from clinically abnormal overwintering birds (n = 6). Necropsy results were available for those found moribund or euthanized (n = 29). Of these birds, eight were confirmed to have aspergillosis where the remainder were diagnosed with other complications. Only three of eight displayed antibody reactivity to Aspergillus using a recombinant antigen-based ELISA and four tested positive for the presence of gliotoxin. An abnormal electrophoretogram was present in samples from all eight birds. The presence of antibody reactivity was not observed in clinically normal loons and only in one of the necropsied loons without aspergillosis. Overall, aspergillosis appears uncommon in healthy, free-ranging birds but likely can be an opportunistic infection after a stress inducing event. Serological testing and protein electrophoresis may provide an opportunity to monitor the health of this species and may improve the ability to manage this species in captivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2024-0142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T04:38:56Z","timestamp":1749098336000},"page":"354-359","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SURVEY OF ANTIBODY REACTIVITY TO ASPERGILLUS IN THE COMMON LOON (GAVIA IMMER)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Cray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Cooley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Fellows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Passarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley","family":"Spanswick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Callico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabricia Modolo","family":"Girardi da Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Pokras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Cray, T Watson, M Rodriguez, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  40, \"Application of galactomannan analysis and protein electrophoresis in the diagnosis of aspergillosis in avian species.\" 64 (2009)","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0138.1"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G Desoubeaux, M Rodriguez, E Bronson, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  49, \"Application of 3-hydroxybutyrate measurement and plasma protein electrophoresis in the diagnosis of aspergillosis in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus).\" 696 (2018)","DOI":"10.1638\/2017-0172.1"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Bianchini, DC Tozer, R Alvo, et al.  \"Sci Total Environ.\"  738, \"Drivers of declines in common loon (Gavia immer) productivity in Ontario, Canada.\" 139724 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139724"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F-S Chen, JW Chen, S Zhao, et al.  \"Food\/Nahrung.\"  44, \"Characterization of chicken antisera raised against Aspergillus by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.\" 323 (2000)","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3803(20001001)44:5<323::AID-FOOD323>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Cray, DR Reavill, A Romagnano, et al.  \"J Av Med and Surg.\"  23, \"Galactomannan assay and protein electrophoresis findings in psittacine birds with aspergillosis.\" 125 (2009)","DOI":"10.1647\/2007-041.1"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Cray, T Watson, KL Arheart,  \"Av Dis.\"  53, \"Serosurvey and diagnostic application of antibody titers to Aspergillus in avian species.\" 491 (2009)","DOI":"10.1637\/8673-030209-Reg.1"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P-Y Daoust, G Conboy, S McBurney, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  34, \"Interactive mortality factors in common loons from maritime Canada.\" 524 (1998)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-34.3.524"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Hauck, C Cray, M Fran\u00e7a,  \"Av Pathol.\"  49, \"Spotlight on avian pathology: aspergillosis.\" 115 (2020)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2019.1696946"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LR. 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