{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:59:35Z","timestamp":1791237575136,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Safe and reliable anesthesia protocols are crucial in snails because performing physical examinations and procedures can be inhibited by snails contracting into their shells. There is minimal literature on snail anesthesia and no published protocols for mystery snails (Pomacea bridgesii). This study aimed to evaluate three anesthetic agents for mystery snails. Pilot trials evaluated ethanol, magnesium sulfate, magnesium sulfate combined with ethanol, eugenol, and eugenol combined with ethanol. Eighteen different protocols were evaluated in the pilot phase of this study. Ethanol (1\u201340%), magnesium sulfate (50,000\u2013150,000 mg\/L), and magnesium sulfate (50,000\u201370,000 mg\/L) plus ethanol (5%) were ineffective or unsafe as anesthetic agents in this snail species. Eugenol (500 \u00b5L\/L), eugenol (50 \u00b5L\/L) combined with ethanol (1%), and eugenol (100 \u00b5L\/L) combined with ethanol (1%) resulted in 50% of individuals anesthetized. Eugenol (500 \u00b5L\/L) combined with ethanol (1%) resulted in 100% of snails anesthetized. Subsequently, a randomized, blinded, complete crossover study compared eugenol (500 \u00b5L\/L) and eugenol (500 \u00b5L\/L) combined with ethanol (1%). Both protocols resulted in 91% (11 of 12 snails per protocol) of snails anesthetized. Adding ethanol had no statistically significant difference on anesthetic induction or recovery times. Based on these results, eugenol is a safe and effective anesthetic agent for mystery snails at 500 \u00b5L\/L. Ethanol does not improve the anesthetic efficacy of eugenol in this snail species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2025-0006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T07:33:06Z","timestamp":1767511986000},"page":"31-37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["ANESTHESIA OF MYSTERY SNAILS (POMACEA BRIDGESII) BY USING ETHANOL, EUGENOL, AND MAGNESIUM SULFATE"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Alexis","family":"Davidson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Scagnelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Mans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"14","unstructured":"CR Gilbertson  and JD Wyatt  \"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci.\"  55, \"Evaluation of euthanasia techniques for an invertebrate species, land snails (Succinea putris).\" 577 (2016)"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Adami, P Monticelli, D d'Ovidio,  \"Vet Anaesth Analg.\"  46, \"Challenges encountered while attempting anaesthesia of giant African snails (Achatina fulica).\" 713 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2019.03.007"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Akbari, MJ Khoshnod, H Rajaian, et al.  \"Turk J Fish Aquat Sci.\"  10, \"The use of eugenol as an anesthetic in transportation of with Indian shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) post larvae.\" 423 (2010)","DOI":"10.4194\/trjfas.2010.0317"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"R Araujo, JM Ram\u00f3n, D Moreno, et al.  \"Malacologia.\"  36, \"Relaxing techniques for freshwater molluscs: trials for evaluation of different methods.\" 29 (1995)"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Baitchman  and E Stetter  \"Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia.\"  \"Amphibians.\" 303 (2014)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118792919.ch17"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AE Bianchini, JA da Cunha, ICM Brusque, et al.  \"Ci\u00eanc Rural.\"  47, \"Relaxing effect of eugenol and essential oils in Pomacea canaliculata.\" e20170210 (2017)","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20170210"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AE Bianchini, SN Descovi, BM Heinzmann, et al.  \"An Acad Bras Cienc.\"  93, \"Linalool induces relaxation of the mantle of golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata).\" e20210078 (2021)","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765202120210078"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"TR Clark, PC Nossov, JP Apland, et al.  \"Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci.\"  35, \"Anesthetic agents for use in the invertebrate sea snail, Aplysia californica.\" 75 (1996)"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"ARA Coelho, GJP Calado, MT Dinis, et al.  \"Aquac Aquar Conserv Legis.\"  5, \"Freshwater snail Pomacea bridgesii (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae), life history traits and aquaculture potential.\" 168 (2012)"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Cowing, A Powell, ML Johnson,  \"Aquaculture.\"  442, \"Evaluation of different concentration doses of eugenol on the behaviour of Nephrops norvegicus.\" 78 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.02.039"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D d'Ovidio, P Monticelli, M Santoro, et al.  \"Heliyon.\"  5, \"Immersion anaesthesia with ethanol in African giant land snails (Achatina fulica).\" e01546 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01546"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AL Garr, H Posch, M Mcquillan, et al.  \"Aquaculture.\"  370\u2013371, \"Development of a captive breeding program for the Florida apple snail, Pomacea paludosa: relaxation and sex ratio recommendations.\" 166 (2012)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2012.10.015"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Girdlestone, SGH Cruickshank, W Winlow,  \"Comp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol Toxicol.\"  92, \"The actions of three volatile anaesthetics on withdrawal responses of the pond-snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.\" 39 (1989)","DOI":"10.1016\/0742-8413(89)90199-0"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RA. 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