{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:00:09Z","timestamp":1791237609188,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The objectives of this study were to compare two medetomidine-based protocols followed by atipamezole reversal, assessing immobilization and recovery in collared peccary (Pecari tajacu). Nineteen collared peccaries under managed care scheduled for tracking collar placement and routine treatments were randomly assigned to one of two protocols; medetomidine 48 \u00b1 6 \u00b5g\/kg and 2.23 \u00b1 0.44 mg\/kg tiletamine-zolazepam (Med-TZ; n = 9) or medetomidine 46 \u00b1 8 \u00b5g\/kg with 3.29 \u00b1 0.45 mg\/kg ketamine and 0.23 \u00b1 0.04 mg\/kg midazolam (Med-KM; n = 10) injected intramuscularly (IM). Both groups received reversal with IM atipamezole at five times the medetomidine dose. Physiological variables, duration and quality (scale 1\u20135; 1, poor; 5, excellent) of induction, immobilization, and recovery were recorded by a single-blinded observer. Data were analyzed using student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Fisher's exact test (p &lt; 0.05). There were no significant differences between groups in any variable assessed. Median (range) induction times were 6 (2\u201333) min (Med-TZ) and 6 (4\u201312) min (Med-KM). A supplemental dose was required in 3\/9 (Med-TZ) and 1\/9 (Med-KM) animals. Mean \u00b1 standard deviation recovery times were 48 \u00b1 32 min (Med-TZ) and 47 \u00b1 22 min (Med-KM). Median induction, immobilization and recovery qualities were 4 (1\u20135), 4 (1\u20135) and 2 (1\u20135) (Med-TZ), and 5 (3\u20135), 4 (3\u20135) and 3 (2\u20134) (Med-KM), respectively. Median hemoglobin oxygen saturation was 94% (54\u201398; Med-TZ) and 95% (77\u201398; Med-KM). At the doses used, Med-TZ and Med-KM provided comparable and reliable immobilization with fair to good recovery quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2025-0017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T07:33:26Z","timestamp":1767512006000},"page":"10-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IMMOBILIZATION OF COLLARED PECCARIES (PECARI TAJACU) UNDER MANAGED CARE USING MEDETOMIDINE\u2013TILETAMINE\u2013ZOLAZEPAM VERSUS MEDETOMIDINE\u2013KETAMINE\u2013MIDAZOLAM AND REVERSAL WITH ATIPAMEZOLE: A RANDOMIZED, BLINDED CLINICAL TRIAL"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Yasmin","family":"Bernstain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yishai","family":"Kushnir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nili","family":"Avni-Magen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avital","family":"Paz-Sonnenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yael","family":"Shilo-Benjamini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Kalema-Zikusoka, WA Horne, J Levine, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  34, \"Comparison of the cardiorespiratory effects of medetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine and medetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam in patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas).\" 47 (2003)","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2003)34[0047:COTCEO]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"36","unstructured":"MD. Sinclair,  \"Can Vet J.\"  44, \"A review of the physiological effects of alpha2-agonists related to the clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice.\" 885 (2003)"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RA Ajadi, OF Smith, AF Makinde, et al.  \"J S Afr Vet Assoc.\"  79, \"Increasing ketamine dose enhances the anaesthetic properties of ketamine-xylazine-midazolam combinations in growing pigs.\" 205 (2008)","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v79i4.273"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Avni-Magen, B Zafrir, R King, et al.  \"Vet Anaesth Analg.\"  46, \"Immobilization of captive Persian fallow deer (Dama dama mesopotamica) using medetomidine-ketamine or medetomidine-midazolam.\" 662 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2019.06.003"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Bohner, J Painer, D Bakker, et al.  \"Front Vet Sci.\"  9, \"Immobilization of Captive Kulans (Equus hemionus kulan) Without Using Ultrapotent Opioids.\" 885317 (2022)","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.885317"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Bruniges, PM Taylor, D Yates,  \"J Feline Med Surg.\"  18, \"Injectable anaesthesia for adult cat and kitten castration: effects of medetomidine, dexmedetomidine and atipamezole on recovery.\" 860 (2016)","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15598550"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Campos Krauer, G West, J Holland, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  59, \"Evaluation of a Combination of Tiletamine-Zolazepam, Medetomidine, and Azaperone with Nasal Oxygen Supplementation for the Immobilization of Captive Chacoan Peccaries (Catagonus Wagneri) in the Chaco Region of Paraguay.\" 281 (2023)","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-21-00203"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Corti  and JM Arnemo  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  57, \"Partially Reversible Immobilization of Free-Ranging Huemul Deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) with Medetomidine-Ketamine and Atipamezole.\" 927 (2021)","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00199"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AL de Paiva, TL Nunes, MG de Oliveira, et al.  \"BMC Vet Res.\"  10, \"Effects of atipamezole and medetomidine administration on seminal variables and functions of erection and ejaculation of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) after electroejaculation.\" 170 (2014)","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0170-2"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JH Epstein, JA Zambriski, MK Rostal, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  6, \"Comparison of intravenous medetomidine and medetomidine\/ketamine for immobilization of free-ranging variable flying foxes (Pteropus hypomelanus).\" e25361 (2011)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025361"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Ezra-Elia, M Ross, N Avni-Magen, et al.  \"Vet Ophthalmol.\"  21, \"The retina of the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu): structure and function.\" 577 (2018)","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12548"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Fahlman, JM Arnemo, JE Swenson, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  42, \"Physiologic evaluation of capture and anesthesia with medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine in brown bears (Ursus arctos).\" 1 (2011)","DOI":"10.1638\/2008-0117.1"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TM Gabor, EC Hellgren, NJ Silvy,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  33, \"Immobilization of collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) and feral hogs (Sus scrofa) with Telazol and xylazine.\" 161 (1997)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-33.1.161"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CE Hampton, TW Riebold, RE Mandsager,  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  254, \"Recovery characteristics of dogs following anesthesia induced with tiletamine-zolazepam, alfaxalone, ketamine-diazepam, or propofol and maintained with isoflurane.\" 1421 (2019)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.254.12.1421"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KA Harrison, SA Robertson, JK Levy, et al.  \"J Feline Med Surg.\"  13, \"Evaluation of medetomidine, ketamine and buprenorphine for neutering feral cats.\" 896 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2011.06.010"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Haskins,  \"Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia: The Fifth Edition of Lumb and Jones.\"  \"Monitoring Anesthetized Patients.\" 86 (2015)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119421375.ch4"},{"key":"16","unstructured":"LJ Hellebrekers, R Sap, RM van Wandelen,  \"Tijdschr Diergeneeskd.\"  115, \"Intramuscularly administered non-opiate anesthesia in dogs. A report on the use of ketamine\/xylazine, tiletamine\/zolazepam, ketamine\/midazolam and metomidine\" 661 (1990)"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EC Hellgren, RL Lochmiller, MS Amoss, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  21, \"Endocrine and metabolic responses of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) to immobilization with ketamine hydrochloride.\" 417 (1985)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-21.4.417"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JE Jaffe, B Jourdan, G Gorilla Doctors Veterinary, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  51, \"Anesthesia with Medetomidine-Ketamine and Dexmedetomidine-Ketamine in Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla Beringei Beringei).\" 507 (2020)","DOI":"10.1638\/2018-0212"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y Kasuya, O Akca, DI Sessler, et al.  \"Anesthesiology.\"  111, \"Accuracy of postoperative end-tidal PCO2 measurements with mainstream and sidestream capnography in non-obese patients and in obese patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea.\" 609 (2009)","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181b060b6"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Kelmer, LC Scanson, A Reed, et al.  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  235, \"Agreement between values for arterial and end-tidal partial pressures of carbon dioxide in spontaneously breathing, critically ill dogs.\" 1314 (2009)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.235.11.1314"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Ko  and R Krimins  \"Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia.\"  \"Thermoregulation.\" 65 (2014)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118792919.ch4"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JY Lee, HC Jee, SM Jeong, et al.  \"Vet Rec.\"  167, \"Comparison of anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of xylazine or medetomidine in combination with tiletamine\/zolazepam in pigs.\" 245 (2010)","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c3611"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AG Makrin-Dray, R Lapid, A Kafri, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  52, \"Medetomidine-Ketamine-Midazolam Versus Medetomidine-Ketamine-Butorphanol for Immobilization of Red Kangaroos (Osphranter Rufus).\" 1175 (2021)","DOI":"10.1638\/2021-0046"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MR Raekallio, MP Raiha, MH Alanen, et al.  \"Vet Anaesth Analg.\"  36, \"Effects of medetomidine, L-methadone, and their combination on arterial blood gases in dogs.\" 158 (2009)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00444.x"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Rankin,  \"Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia: The Fifth Edition of Lumb and Jones.\"  \"Sedatives and Tranquilizers.\" 196 (2015)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119421375.ch10"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JV Roth, LJ Barth, LH Womack, et al.  \"J Clin Monit.\"  10, \"Evaluation of two commercially available carbon dioxide sampling nasal cannulae.\" 237 (1994)","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02899508"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Schondorfer, C Vogl, E Eberspacher-Schweda,  \"Vet Anaesth Analg.\"  50, \"Sedative effects and changes in cardiac rhythm with intravenous premedication of medetomidine, butorphanol and ketamine in dogs.\" 136 (2023)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2022.12.006"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RE Schweinsburg  and LK Sowls  \"Z Tierpsychol.\"  30, \"Aggressive behavior and related phenomena in the collared peccary.\" 132 (1972)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1972.tb00848.x"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AL Selmi, GM Mendes, JP Figueiredo, et al.  \"Vet Anaesth Analg.\"  30, \"Chemical restraint of peccaries with tiletamine\/zolazepam and xylazine or tiletamine\/zolazepam and butorphanol.\" 24 (2003)","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-2995.2003.00087.x"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O Silva-Filho, G Pessoa, F Sousa, et al.  \"Pesquisa Veterin\u00e1ria Brasileira.\"  38, \"Assessment of the vertebral heart scale and cardiothoracic ratio to standardize the heart size of collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) restrained with ketamine and midazolam.\" 1705 (2018)","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-5434"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AL Souza, TS Castelo, JP Queiroz, et al.  \"Anim Reprod Sci.\"  116, \"Evaluation of anesthetic protocol for the collection of semen from captive collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) by electroejaculation.\" 370 (2009)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2009.02.017"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Sutherland-Smith, JM Campos, C Cramer, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  40, \"Immobilization of Chacoan peccaries (Catagonus wagneri) using medetomidine, Telazol, and ketamine.\" 731 (2004)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.4.731"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SM. Zervanos,  \"Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol.\"  50, \"Seasonal effects of temperature on the respiratory metabolism of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu).\" 365 (1975)","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(75)90027-4"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z Zhang, H Bai, B Zhang, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  17, \"Comparison of cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects of ketamine-midazolam-xylazine-sufentanil and tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine in miniature pigs.\" e0271325 (2022)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271325"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PM Mich, LL Wolfe, TM Sirochman, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  39, \"Evaluation of intramuscular butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine and nasal oxygen insufflation for the chemical immobilization of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus.\" 480 (2008)","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0150.1"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Semjonov, V Andrianov, JP Raath, et al.  \"Vet Anaesth Analg.\"  45, \"Evaluation of butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM) in captive blesbok immobilization (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi).\" 496 (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2017.03.011"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TJ Kreeger, US Seal, JR Tester,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  26, \"Chemical immobilization of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes).\" 95 (1990)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-26.1.95"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Chittick, W Horne, B Wolfe, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  32, \"Cardiopulmonary assessment of medetomidine, ketamine, and butorphanol anesthesia in captive Thomson's gazelles (Gazella thomsoni).\" 168 (2001)","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2001)032[0168:CAOMKA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Ozeki  and N Caulkett  \"Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia.\"  \"Monitoring.\" 43 (2014)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118792919.ch2"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:28:59Z","timestamp":1791235739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-57\/issue-1\/2025-0017\/IMMOBILIZATION-OF-COLLARED-PECCARIES-PECARI-TAJACU-UNDER-MANAGED-CARE-USING\/10.1638\/2025-0017.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2025-0017","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]}}}