{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:54:45Z","timestamp":1791237285261,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypothermia is a common potentially serious complication of veterinary anesthesia, particularly affecting species with a large body surface area-to-mass ratio, such as Chiroptera. There are limited options for monitoring temperature in bats, with size being a significant limiting factor. This study evaluated three methods of temperature measurement\u2014esophageal, rectal, and axillary\u2014in a convenience sample of nine apparently healthy anesthetized large flying foxes (Pteropus vampyrus). At the time of anesthetic induction and every 5 min until recovery, rectal and esophageal temperatures were recorded. At the same time points, a temperature was obtained in the nonhaired axillary fold by using an infrared thermometer. There were significant differences in the mean temperatures obtained between sites at each time interval (P &lt; 0.05). Esophageal temperature was consistently the lowest, with axillary and rectal temperature averaging \u201315 and \u201317\u00b0C (5.1 and 1.3\u00b0F) higher, respectively. Esophageal measurements correlated strongly with rectal temperatures (P &lt; 0.0001), whereas axillary\/esophageal and axillary\/rectal correlations approached significance (P = 0.0519 and P = 0.0562, respectively). Esophageal thermometry should be used for accurate body temperature measurement in anesthetized large flying foxes if practical, with the rectal modality remaining an option for monitoring trends over time. Further research is necessary to validate the use of axillary thermometry with an infrared thermometer for monitoring temperature trends in this bat species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2025-0047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T05:54:08Z","timestamp":1774418048000},"page":"206-212","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["COMPARISON OF AXILLARY, RECTAL, AND ESOPHAGEAL THERMOMETRY IN ANESTHETIZED LARGE FLYING FOXES (PTEROPUS VAMPYRUS)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2320-4877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian M.","family":"Capobianco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2864-5681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alanna N.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Crevasse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3954-3726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah G.","family":"Shippy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5692-6134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James F. X.","family":"Wellehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7077-1917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy B.","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R Abigaba  and PC. 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Fons,  \"Respir Physiol.\"  \"Capillary supply of heart and skeletal muscle of small bats and non-flying mammals.\" (1982)","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(82)90023-8"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"RG Pottie, CM Dart, NR Perkins, et al.  \"Aust Vet J.\"  \"Effect of hypothermia on recovery from general anaesthesia in the dog.\" (2007)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2007.00128.x"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"HU Ratnayake, JA Welbergen, R Van Der Ree, et al.  \"Aust J Zool.\"  \"Variation in fur properties may explain differences in heat-related mortality among Australian flying-foxes.\" (2021)","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO20040"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MJ Rohrer  and AM. 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Felt,  \"J Med Primatol.\"  \"A comparison of non-contact, subcutaneous, and rectal temperatures in captive owl monkeys (Aotus sp.).\" (2006)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2006.00159.x"},{"key":"28","unstructured":"MG Sousa, R Carareto, VA Pereira-Junior, et al.  \"Can Vet J.\"  52, \"Comparison between auricular and standard rectal thermometers for the measurement of body temperature in dogs.\" 403 (2011)"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ES Southward, FA Mann, J Dodam, et al.  \"J Vet Emerg Crit Care.\"  \"A comparison of auricular, rectal and pulmonary artery thermometry in dogs with anesthesia-induced hypothermia.\" (2006)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2005.00158.x"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"TW Wu, R Schmicker, TR Wood, et al.  \"J Pediatr.\"  \"Esophageal versus rectal temperature monitoring during whole-body therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic\u2013ischemic encephalopathy: association with short- and long-term outcomes.\" (2024)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.113933"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:08:11Z","timestamp":1791234491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-57\/issue-2\/2025-0047\/COMPARISON-OF-AXILLARY-RECTAL-AND-ESOPHAGEAL-THERMOMETRY-IN-ANESTHETIZED-LARGE\/10.1638\/2025-0047.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2025-0047","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]}}}