{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:52:19Z","timestamp":1791237139656,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nannizziopsis arthrosporioides, a keratinophillic fungus, has caused infection in multiple reptile species. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of commercially available disinfectants against the growth of N. arthrosporioides. Two molecularly confirmed isolates of N. arthrosporioides were used. Hyphal growth was collected from agar plates, filtered, and then diluted to high and low conidial concentrations. Each conidial suspension was exposed for 5 or 10 minutes to sterile water (control), 10% dilution of commercial bleach containing sodium hypochlorite, 409 multipurpose cleaner containing benzyl ammonium chloride, chlorhexidine 2% solution, F10 SC (benzyl ammonium chloride and polyhexanide) at recommended product labels (1:100, 1:250), 10% dilution of povidone-iodine, and Rescue disinfectant (activated hydrogen peroxide, 1:16). Both isolates at each exposure time failed to grow after exposure to 409 multipurpose cleaner, commercial bleach, chlorhexidine, povidone iodine, and Rescue disinfectant. Inhibition of N. arthrosporioides growth was variable following exposure to F10 SC. Nannizziopsis arthrosporioides can be effectively inactivated using various commercially available disinfectants, and data provided here adds to the growing body of knowledge surrounding appropriate disinfection of fungi that can act as reptile pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2025-0076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T10:14:31Z","timestamp":1777976071000},"page":"388-392","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IN VITRO EFFICACY OF DISINFECTANTS AGAINST NANNIZZIOPSIS ARTHROSPORIOIDES"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Marina R.","family":"Liles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0171-0728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krista A.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NC Liszka, L Adamovicz, KA Moorhead, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  61, \"Evaluating the efficacy of disinfectant methods against Emydomyces testavorans, a fungus associated with shell disease in freshwater aquatic turtles.\" 234 (2025)","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-24-00094"},{"key":"1","unstructured":"T Benzoni  and J Hatcher  \"Bleach Toxicity. StatPearls. 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Ende, AM Rodrigues, RC Hahn, et al.  \"Rev Iberoam Micol.\"  40, \"A surprising finding: The curious case of a tongue lesion misdiagnosed as paracoccidioidomycosis.\" 10 (2023)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2022.11.002"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MC Jennings, KP Minbiole, WM Wuest,  \"ACS Infect Dis.\"  1, \"Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: An Antimicrobial Mainstay and Platform for Innovation to Address Bacterial Resistance.\" 288 (2015)","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.5b00047"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KA Keller, L Adamovicz, C Johnson-Delaney, et al.  \"Med Mycol Case Rep.\"  50, \"Nannizziopsis arthrosporioides infection mimicking ophidiomycosis in ball pythons (Python regius).\" 100733 (2025)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2025.100733"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KA Keller, K Durante, E Foltin, et al.  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  261, \"Nannizziopsis guarroi has prolonged environmental persistence on clinically relevant substrates.\" S109 (2023)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.12.0575"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Lepelletier, J Maillard, B Pozzetto, et al.  \"Antimicrob Agents Chemother.\"  64, \"Povidone Iodine: Properties, Mechanisms of Action, and Role in Infection Control and Staphylococcus aureus Decolonization.\" e00682 (2020)","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00682-20"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Poppolo Deus  and A Ouanounou  \"Int Dent J.\"  72, \"Chlorhexidine in Dentistry: Pharmacology, Uses, and Adverse Effects.\" 269 (2022)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2022.01.005"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Schilliger, C Paillusseau, C Fran\u00e7ois, et al.  \"Pathogens.\"  12, \"Major Emerging Fungal Diseases of Reptiles and Amphibians.\" 409 (2023)","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030429"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Jourdan, C Hemby, MC Allender, et al.  \"J Herpetol Med Surg.\"  33, \"Effectiveness of common disinfecting agents against isolates of Nannizziopsis guarroi.\" 40 (2023)","DOI":"10.5818\/JHMS-D-22-00004"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V Seth, L Adamovicz, KA Keller,  \"J Exot Pet Med.\"  49, \"Benzalkonium chloride and polyhexanide disinfectant (F10 SC) requires off-label use for environmental disinfection to be effective against Nannizziopsis guarroi.\" 1 (2024)","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2024.01.005"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DE Toplon, SP Terrell, L Sigler, et al.  \"Vet Pathol.\"  50, \"Dermatitis and cellulitis in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) caused by the Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii.\" 585 (2013)","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985812465324"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Rzadkowska, MC Allender, M O'Dell, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  52, \"Evaluation of common disinfectants effective against Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola, the causative agent of snake 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(2013)","DOI":"10.3767\/003158513X669698"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JA Par\u00e9, J Wellehan, SM Perry, et al.  \"J Herpetol Med Surg.\"  30, \"Onygenalean dermatomycoses (formerly yellow fungus disease, snake fungal disease) in reptiles.\" 198 (2020)","DOI":"10.5818\/19-12-221.1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:57:12Z","timestamp":1791233832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-57\/issue-2\/2025-0076\/IN-VITRO-EFFICACY-OF-DISINFECTANTS-AGAINST-NANNIZZIOPSIS-ARTHROSPORIOIDES\/10.1638\/2025-0076.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2025-0076","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]}}}