{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:55:10Z","timestamp":1791237310787,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the frequency of invertebrates in research, zoological, and personal collections, sedation and anesthesia in these species remains poorly studied. This study assessed anesthetic techniques in paper kite butterflies (Idea leuconoe). Thirty-six recently emerged butterflies were individually placed in 1.9 L air-tight containers and randomly exposed to one of six treatments (n = 6\/group): 5% isoflurane via vaporizer (2 L min\u20131, fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) 1.0); (V), 0.5 mL (CB0.5) or 3.0 mL (CB3) liquid isoflurane on a cotton ball (FiO2 0.21); 100% carbon dioxide via flowmeter (2 L min\u20131) (CO2); cooling at 2.78\u00b0C, or no treatment (control) (CT). Three min (V, CB0.5, CB3, CO2) or 10 min (\u00b0C) following recumbency, butterflies were removed from exposure, manually manipulated, and monitored for return to upright posture. Times to recumbency, return to upright, and response to manipulation were recorded. Collected data were compared between groups (significance P &lt; 0.05). Except in CT, all butterflies achieved recumbency. Median (range) time to recumbency was 1.3 (0.5\u20133.6), 2.8 (1.6\u20134.6), 1.7 (0.9\u20132.9), 1.2 (0.8\u20132.2), and 1.4 (1.0\u20133.5) min in V, CB0.5, CB3, CO2, and \u00b0C, respectively (P = 0.106). Median (range) time to upright was 9.3 (0.7\u201315.2), 13.8 (6.0\u201324.0), 14.9 (8.2\u201326.6), 1.3 (0.9\u20139.0), and 9.6 (3.6\u201330.0) min in V, CB0.5, CB3, CO2, and \u00b0C, respectively (P = 0.019). All butterflies recovered uneventfully. This is the first peer-reviewed evaluation of anesthetic techniques in butterflies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2025-0082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T19:14:23Z","timestamp":1775243663000},"page":"289-296","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["INVESTIGATION OF ANESTHESIA TECHNIQUES IN PAPER KITE BUTTERFLIES (IDEA LEUCONOE)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2378-0316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel M.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0716-1387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Lewbart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Hartmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3667-0623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie A.","family":"Balko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"P. Biro,  \"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.\"  58, \"Calculation of volatile anesthetics consumption from agent concentration and fresh gas flow.\" 968 (2014)","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12374"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ME Braun, JJ Heatley, J Chitty,  \"Vet Clin Exot Anim Pract.\"  9, \"Clinical techniques of invertebrates.\" 205 (2006)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2006.02.001"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"JE. Cooper,  \"Vet Clin Exot Anim Pract.\"  4, \"Invertebrate anesthesia.\" 57 (2001)","DOI":"10.1016\/s1094-9194(17)30051-8"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JE Cooper, S Pellett, M O'Brien,  \"Invertebrate Medicine.\"  \"Insects.\" 413 (2022)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119569831.ch18"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D Dombrowski  and R De Voe  \"Vet Clin Exot Anim Pract.\"  10, \"Emergency care of invertebrates\" 621 (2007)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2007.01.005"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C Gaudette, B Johnson, R Bakal, et al.  \"J Zoo Wild Med.\"  53, \"Hemolymph collection and isoflurane anesthesia in the emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator).\" 573 (2022)","DOI":"10.1638\/2020-0095"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"X He, Q Ma, B Jian, et al.  \"J Vis Exp.\"  2021, \"Microsurgical Obstruction of Testes Fusion in Spodoptera litura.\" e62524","DOI":"10.3791\/62524"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"AC Heniff, MA Gorges, GA Lewbart, et al.  \"J Zool Bot Gard.\"  4, \"Evaluation of Targeted Injections of Ivermectin or Potassium Chloride for Euthanasia of Anesthetized Thorny Devil Stick Insects (Eurycantha calcarata).\" 231 (2023)","DOI":"10.3390\/jzbg4010020"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K McCallion, K Petersen, DS Dombrowski, et al.  \"J Zoo Wild Med.\"  52, \"Isoflurane anesthesia in the Madagascar hissing cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa).\" 710 (2021)","DOI":"10.1638\/2020-0153"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G Nicolas  and D Sillans  \"Ann Rev Entomol.\"  34, \"Immediate and Latent Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Insects.\" 97 (1989)","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.34.010189.000525"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"JD Sheldon, L Adamovicz, P Burvenich, et al.  \"J Zoo Wild Med.\"  50, \"Effects of oxygen and isoflurane anesthesia on hemolymph gas analysis and righting reflex of Asian forest (Heterometrus longimanus) and dictator scorpions (Pandinus dictator).\" 111 (2019)","DOI":"10.1638\/2018-0173"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EP Steffey, RJ Brosnan, KR Mama,  \"Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia: The Sixth Edition of Lumb and Jones.\"  \"Inhalation anesthetics.\" 489 (2024)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119830306.ch28"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M Toulzac, M Methlouthi, A Perrard,  \"Osmia.\"  10, \"Soda maker for field anesthesia as a step towards a nonlethal identification of wild bees and other flower visitors.\" 25 (2022)","DOI":"10.47446\/OSMIA10.3"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"SM Tucker, JA Balko, DC Smith, et al.  \"PeerJ.\"  11, \"Investigation of euthanasia techniques in four species of cockroaches.\" e16199 (2023)","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16199"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A Walcourt  and D Ide  \"J Neurosci Meth.\"  84, \"A system for the delivery of general anesthetics and other volatile agents to the fruit-fly Drosophila melanogaster.\" 115 (1998)","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-0270(98)00105-8"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C Gunkel  and GA Lewbart  \"Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals.\"  \"Anesthesia and analgesia of invertebrates.\" 535 (2008)","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-012373898-1.50026-7"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"JE. Cooper,  \"ILAR J.\"  52, \"Anesthesia, analgesia, and euthanasia of invertebrates.\" 196 (2011)","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.52.2.196"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"GA Lewbart  and C Mosley  \"J Exot Pet Med.\"  21, \"Clinical anesthesia and analgesia in invertebrates.\" 59 (2012)","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2011.11.007"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DS Dombrowski, RS De Voe, GA Lewbart,  \"Zoo Biol.\"  32, \"Comparison of isoflurane and carbon dioxide anesthesia in chilean rose tarantulas (Grammostola rosea).\" 101 (2013)","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21026"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D D'Ovidio, P Monticelli, C Adami,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  52, \"Isoflurane anesthesia in budwing praying mantises (Parasphendale agrionina).\" 1013 (2021)","DOI":"10.1638\/2020-0195"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:05:52Z","timestamp":1791234352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-57\/issue-2\/2025-0082\/INVESTIGATION-OF-ANESTHESIA-TECHNIQUES-IN-PAPER-KITE-BUTTERFLIES-IDEA-LEUCONOE\/10.1638\/2025-0082.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2025-0082","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]}}}