{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:54:27Z","timestamp":1791237267009,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>African painted dogs (Lycaon pictus; APD) are an endangered canid species with sophisticated behaviors and social structure. In the United States, there are approximately 160 individuals housed at institutions accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, where health and disease are monitored, and breeding and management strategies are implemented according to the Species Survival Plan\u00ae. From 1996 to mid-2025, 350 APD &gt;1 yr old died or were euthanized and pathology reports were available for 188 (54%) individuals. Of the 81 with adrenal glands submitted for histologic evaluation, lesions were reported in 52 individuals, including 30 (58%) males and 22 (42%) females, 38 (73%) of which were intact. Common histologic lesions included nodular cortical hyperplasia (n = 24; 45%), cortical adenoma (n = 11; 21%), cortical carcinoma (n = 6; 11%), and pheochromocytoma (n = 8; 15%). There were two cases of metastatic neoplasia affecting the adrenal glands and two medullary thromboses\/hematomas. Six dogs had more than one adrenal lesion. Nodular cortical hyperplasia was predominantly found in older adults (median age, 12 yr) and more so in males than females (1.4:1). Cortical carcinomas and pheochromocytomas were diagnosed in APD with several concurrent lesions, including other malignant neoplasms. Of dogs with malignant adrenal neoplasms, the median age was 12 yr and 42 (84%) were related as siblings or offspring. Although nodular cortical hyperplasia is considered an age-related process, malignant adrenal neoplasms may involve additional factors, thus warranting further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2025-0085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T19:14:56Z","timestamp":1775243696000},"page":"269-280","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ADRENAL GLAND LESIONS IN AFRICAN PAINTED DOGS (LYCAON PICTUS) OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ZOOS AND AQUARIUMS SPECIES SURVIVAL PLAN\u00ae POPULATION"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6615-4342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren P.","family":"Kane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M.","family":"Garner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne A.","family":"Vaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Terrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Kinsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8465-9958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha A.","family":"Delaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EA Soler Arias, VA Castillo, RH Trigo, et al.  \"Open Vet J.\"  6, \"Multiple endocrine neoplasia similar to human subtype 2A in a dog: Medullary thyroid carcinoma, bilateral pheochromocytoma and parathyroid adenoma.\" 165 (2016)","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v6i3.4"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Agut, M Martinez, A Anson, et al.  \"Vet Rec.\"  186, \"Ultrasonographic measurement of adrenal gland-to-aorta ratio as a method of estimating adrenal size in dogs.\" e27","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105188"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CR Anderson, SJ Birchard, BE Powers, et al.  \"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc.\"  37, \"Surgical treatment of adrenocortical tumors: 21 cases (1990\u20131996).\" 93 (2001)","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-37-1-93"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Appelgrein, G Hosgood, E Drynan, et al.  \"Aust Vet J.\"  98, \"Short-term outcome of adrenalectomy in dogs with adrenal gland tumours that did not receive pre-operative medical management.\" 449 (2020)","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12991"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EC Appleby  and I Sohrabi-Haghdoost  \"Res Vet Sci.\"  29, \"Cortical hyperplasia of the adrenal gland in the dog.\" 190 (1980)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32663-8"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Bargellini, R Orlandi, A Dentini, et al.  \"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc.\"  52, \"Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of adrenal tumors in dogs.\" 132 (2016)","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6363"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JS Barrera, F Bernard, EJ Ehrhart, et al.  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  2442, \"Evaluation of risk factors for outcome associated with adrenal gland tumors with or without invasion of the caudal vena cava and treated via adrenalectomy in dogs: 86 cases (1993\u20132009).\" 1715 (2013)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.12.1715"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JI Baum, SE Boston, JB Case,  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  249, \"Prevalence of adrenal gland masses as incidental findings during abdominal computed tomography in dogs: 270 cases (2013\u20132014).\" 1165 (2016)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.249.10.1165"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Beatrice, FS Boretti, NS Sieber-Ruckstuhl, et al.  \"Vet Rec.\"  182, \"Concurrent endocrine neoplasias in dogs and cats: a retrospective study (2004\u20132014).\" 323 (2018)","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104199"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Bennaim, RE Shiel, CT Mooney,  \"Vet J.\"  252, \"Diagnosis of spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. 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