{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:07:32Z","timestamp":1791900452077,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society of Parasitologists","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii infects between 20 and 80% of the world population, with 80\u201390% of patients being asymptomatic. The risk of maternal transmission of the parasite to the fetus is relatively low (15\u201320%) during the first trimester of pregnancy, but high by the third trimester, (60%), and can result in hydrocephalus, microcephaly, and mental impairment. In this work, we investigate the prevalence of T. gondii infection in women who have had spontaneous abortions in Samarra city, Iraq, and evaluate their serum levels of key cytokines and auto-antibodies. The main objective is to measure correlation between toxoplasma status and cytokines, as well as with auto-antibodies, as biomarkers of autoimmune diseases. A sample of 153 women who got a spontaneous abortion in Samarra hospital or private lab in Samarra city between April 2021 and April 2022 was included in the study, 103 (67.3%) of which were found toxo-positive. General and clinical variables were collected using a questionnaire, and blood samples were taken from consenting women to measure the levels of Toxoplasma antibodies IgG, IgM, cytokines (IL4, IL6, IL10, IL17, TNF-\u03b1) and auto-antibodies (anticardiolipin, aCL; antiphospholipid, aPL; anti-beta-2 glycoprotein, anti-B2GPI; antinuclear Ab, ANA; anti-thyroperoxidase, ATPO; anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase, anti-GAD; and anti-sperm, ASA). Our results show that the 3 interleukins IL4, IL6, and IL10 as well as ASA, ATPO, and aCL were significantly higher in toxo-positive aborted women compared to toxo-negative ones, whereas IL17 and aCL were higher in toxo-seronegative aborted women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1645\/23-88","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T23:27:49Z","timestamp":1747265269000},"page":"227-232","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Profiles for Some Key Cytokines and Auto-Antibodies in Latent Toxoplasmosis in Aborted Women"],"prefix":"10.1645","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Salah","family":"Alnisani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Tunisia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8954-8683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Rebai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Tunisia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1220","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"N. N. A'aiz, B. A. Sultan, S. M. Al-Fatlawi, et al.  \"European Scientific Journal (Special Edition).\"  3, \"Association between Toxoplasma gondii in women and the presences of cardiolipin and phospholipid antibodies.\" 190 (2014)"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Abu-Shakra, D. Buskila, Y. Shoenfeld,  \"Immunology Letters.\"  67, \"Molecular mimicry between host and pathogens: Examples from parasites and implication.\" 147 (1999)","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-2478(99)00004-8"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"Z. A. A. Al-Dorry, N. Y. Albayati, A.-L. Molan,  \"American Journal of Life Science Research.\"  9, \"Immune response in Toxoplasma gondii seropositive Iraqi aborted pregnant women in comparison with seronegative women.\" 1 (2021)"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. A. Al-Issawi  and S. M. Aysir  \"European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine.\"  7, \"Effects of infection with Toxoplasma gondii to the levels of thyroid hormones.\" 110 (2020)","DOI":"10.31838\/ejmcm.07.01.11"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. B. Al-Khamesi,  \"Al-Nahrain Journal of Science.\"  19, \"Effect of toxoplasmosis on lipid profile and thyroid hormones in aborted women.\" 122 (2016)","DOI":"10.22401\/JNUS.19.4.16"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. Alvarado-Esquivel, A. Ramos-Nevarez, C. A. Guidoarreola, et al.  \"BMC Infectious Diseases.\"  19, \"Association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and thyroid dysfunction: A case-control seroprevalence study.\" 826 (2019)","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4450-0"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"N. N. Baqer, E. J. Saheb, N. S. Ahmed, et al.  \"Experimental Parasitology.\"  234, \"The association of IL3, IL17A, and IL 27 serum levels with susceptibility to toxoplasmosis in recurrent abortion of Iraqi women\" 108217 (2022)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2022.108217"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"P. Bassett, B. N. Zabriskie, A. Catchpole, et al.  \"Journal of Translational Autoimmunity.\"  5, \"Association between Toxoplasma gondii and systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.\" 100163 (2022)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tauto.2022.100163"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Bhattacharyya, K. Mukherjee, A. Das, et al.  \"Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine.\"  6, \"Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity during early pregnancy is associated with pregnancy complications and maternal morbidity in later life.\" 402 (2015)","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.160021"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. A. Brown  and J. Hural  \"Critical Reviews in Immunology.\"  37, \"Functions of IL-4 and control of its expression.\" 197 (2017)","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v37.i2-6.30"},{"key":"11","unstructured":"P. P. Cao, X. F. Ye, C. Y. Qian,  \"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi.\"  33, \"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infections among patients with autoimmune diseases.\" 305 (2020)"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"S. Champely, C. Ekstrom, P. Dalgaard, et al.  \"Computer software.\"  \"pwr: Basic functions for power analysis (Version 1.3-0).\" (2020)"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"N. Conrad, S. Misra, J. Y. Verbakel, et al.  \"Lancet.\"  401, \"Incidence prevalence, and co-occurrence of autoimmune disorders over time and by age, sex, and socioeconomic status: A population-based cohort study of 22 million individuals in the UK.\" 1878 (2023)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00457-9"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"T. Damar \u00c7akirca, \u0130. N. Can, M. Deniz, et al.  \"Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.\"  8, \"Toxoplasmosis: A timeless challenge for pregnancy.\" 63 (2023)","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8010063"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. V. Dos Santos, D. N. M. De Toledo, D. M. S. De Souza, et al.  \"Frontiers in Immunology.\"  14, \"The imbalance in the relationship between inflammatory and regulatory cytokines during gestational toxoplasmosis can be harmful to fetuses: A systematic review.\" 1074760 (2023)","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1074760"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. M. El-Sayed, S. M. Kishik, R. M. Fawzy,  \"Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease.\"  6, \"The current status of Toxoplasma gondii infection among Egyptian rheumatoid arthritis patients.\" 797 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(16)61133-7"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. S. El-Sherbini, A. A. Abd El-Aal, W. S. El-Sherbiny, et al.  \"Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics.\"  20, \"Toxoplasmosis and abortion: Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines gene expression of the host immune cells.\" 3 (2019)","DOI":"10.1186\/s43042-019-0006-5"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"N. El-Tantawy, A. Taman, H. Shalaby,  \"American Journal of Epidemiology and Infectious Disease.\"  2, \"Toxoplasmo-sis and female infertility: Is there a co-relation.\" 29 (2014)"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Gaddi  and G. Yap  \"Immunology and Cell Biology.\"  85, \"Cytokine regulation of immunopathology in toxoplasmosis.\" 155 (2007)","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100038"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Hirano,  \"International Immunology.\"  33, \"IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer\" 127 (2021)","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxaa078"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S.A. Hosseini, M. Sharif, S. Sarvi, et al.  \"Parasitology Research.\"  122, \"Identification and multilocus genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from congenital infection in north of Iran.\" 177 (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07714-1"},{"key":"22","unstructured":"B. A. H. Hussein  and Z. A. Hamed  \"Bulletin of RUDN Journal of Medicine.\"  3, \"The possible role of toxoplasmosis in the development of antiphospholipid antibodies in pregnancy-related complications.\" 48 (2012)"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D.-I. Jang, A.-H. Lee, H.-Y. Shin, et al.  \"International Journal of Molecular Sciences.\"  22, \"The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) in autoimmune disease and current TNF-\u03b1 inhibitors in therapeutics.\" 2719 (2021)","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052719"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Konya, Z. Pax, S. A. Apostolidis, et al.  \"Cytokine.\"  75, \"Update on the role of Interleukin 17 in rheumatologic autoimmune diseases.\" 207 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.01.003"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"T. M. Korevaar, A. Derakhshan, P. N. Taylor, et al.  \"JAMA.\"  322, \"Association of thyroid function test abnormalities and thyroid autoimmunity with preterm birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis.\" 632 (2019)","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.10931"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Li, L. Cui, J. Zhao, et al.  \"Journal of Parasitology.\"  97, \"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in female sterile patients in China.\" 529 (2011)","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2680.1"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. Nicolle  and L. Manceaux  \"International Journal for Parasitology.\"  39, \"On a Leishman body infection (or related organisms) of the gondi. 1908.\" 863 (2009)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.02.001"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Pernas, R. Ramirez, T. H. Holmes, et al.  \"Journal of Infectious Diseases.\"  210, \"Immune profiling of pregnant Toxoplasma-infected US and Colombia patients reveals surprising impacts of infection on peripheral blood cytokines.\" 923 (2014)","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu189"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Shapira, N. Agmon-Levin, C. Selmi, et al.  \"Journal of Autoimmunity.\"  39, \"Prevalence of anti-toxoplasma antibodies in patients with autoimmune diseases.\" 112 (2012)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.01.001"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. N. Shiadeh, M. Niyyati, S. Fallahi, et al.  \"Parasitology Research.\"  115, \"Human parasitic protozoan infection to infertility: A systematic review.\" 469 (2016)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4827-y"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Skariah, M. K. Mcintyre, D. G. Mordue,  \"Parasitology Research.\"  107, \"Toxoplasma gondii: Determinants of tachyzoite to bradyzoite conversion.\" 253 (2010)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1899-6"},{"key":"33","unstructured":"J. H. Taher  and A. R. Y. Abdullah  \"Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology.\"  4, \"Possible role of some aspects of immune response in aborted women infected with Toxoplasma gondii.\" 11 (2012)"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Winikajtis-Burzy\u0144ska, M. Brzosko, H. Przepierab\u0119dzak,  \"Biomolecules.\"  13, \"Increased serum Interleukin 10 levels are associated with increased disease activity and increased risk of anti-SS-A\/Ro antibody positivity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.\" 974 (2023)","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13060974"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Winograd, J. G. Prudhomme, I. W. Sherman,  \"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.\"  142, \"Band 3 clustering promotes the exposure of neoantigens in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes.\" 98 (2005)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2005.03.013"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Wolf, D. Cowen, B. Paige,  \"Science.\"  89, \"Human toxoplasmosis: Occurrence in infants as an encephalomyelitis verification by transmission to animals.\" 226 (1939)","DOI":"10.1126\/science.89.2306.226"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Y. Wong  and J. S. Remington  \"Clinical Infectious Disease Journal.\"  18, \"Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy.\" 853 (1994)","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.6.853"},{"key":"38","unstructured":"X. C. Zhang,  \"Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi.\"  25, \"Clinical study on circulating antisperm antibodies in women with recurrent abortion\" 21 (1990)"},{"key":"39","unstructured":"Y.-H. Zhou, Y.-J. Lu, R.-B. Wang, et al.  \"Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue.\"  8, \"Survey of infection of Toxoplasma gondii in infertile couples in Suzhou countryside.\" 350 (2001)"},{"key":"29","unstructured":"\"R: A language and environment for statistical computing.\"  (2021)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:19:00Z","timestamp":1791242340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-parasitology\/volume-111\/issue-3\/23-88\/Profiles-for-Some-Key-Cytokines-and-Auto-Antibodies-in-Latent\/10.1645\/23-88.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/23-88","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3395","1937-2345"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3395","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2345","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]}}}