{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:54:58Z","timestamp":1791237298456,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society of Parasitologists","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Trematodes in the family Echinostomatidae (Looss, 1899) are globally distributed parasites of both humans and wildlife. In North America, echinostomes are nearly ubiquitous in freshwater systems, where they commonly parasitize snails as their first intermediate hosts, aquatic hosts such as snails or tadpoles as second intermediate hosts, and waterfowl and semi-aquatic mammals as their definitive hosts. Our study expands on sampling efforts in the midwestern United States and contributes novel ND1, ITS2, and 28S sequences from 12 lineages of echinostomes in the genera Echinostoma, Echinoparyphium, and Hypoderaeum. Additionally, COI barcoding and phylogenetic analysis of snail first intermediate hosts elucidated novel host-parasite combinations. Finally, we demonstrate that echinostomes are often not specific to 1 species of snail first intermediate host but rather to a family of aquatic snails, and we suggest that first intermediate hosts may drive echinostome speciation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1645\/24-138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T03:12:18Z","timestamp":1775185938000},"page":"170-182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diversity, Host Range, and Specificity of Echinostomes (Family Echinostomatidae; Looss, 1899) in the Midwestern United States"],"prefix":"10.1645","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Grace A.","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences. Purdue University, 915 Mitch Daniels Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis J.","family":"Minchella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences. Purdue University, 915 Mitch Daniels Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1220","reference":[{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B. Q. Minh, H. A. Schmidt, O. Chernomor, et al.  \"Molecular Biology and Evolution.\"  37, \"IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era.\" 1530 (2020)","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa015"},{"key":"1","unstructured":"F. C. Baker,  \"The molluscan family Planorbidae.\"  530 (1945)"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L. S. Billet, V. P. Wuerthner, J. 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Toledo  \"The Biology of Echinostomes: From the Molecule to the Community.\"  339 (2009)"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. Georgieva, I. Blasco-Costa, A. Kostadinova,  \"Systematic Parasitology.\"  94, \"Molecular characterisation of four echinostomes (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) from birds in New Zealand, with descriptions of Echinostoma novaezealandense n. sp. and Echinoparyphium poulini n. sp.\" 477 (2017)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11230-017-9712-x"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. Georgieva, A. Falt\u00fdnkov\u00e1, R. Brown, et al.  \"Parasites & Vectors.\"  7, \"Echinostoma \u2018revolutum\u2019 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) species complex revisited: Species delimitation based on novel molecular and morphological data gathered in Europe.\" 1 (2014)","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0520-8"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. Georgieva, C. Selbach, A. Falt\u00fdnkov\u00e1, et al.  \"Parasites & Vectors.\"  6, \"New cryptic species of the \u2018revolutum\u2019 group of Echinostoma (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) revealed by molecular and morphological data.\" 64 (2013)","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-64"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"K. D. Gustafson, B. J. Kensinger, M. G. Bolek, et al.  \"Evolutionary Ecology Research.\"  16, \"Distinct snail (Physa) morphotypes from different habitats converge in shell shape and size under common garden conditions.\" 77 (2013)"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. T. J. Johnson  and V. J. McKenzie  \"The Biology of Echinostomes: From the Molecule to the Community.\"  \"Effects of environmental change on helminth infections in amphibians: Exploring the emergence of Ribeiroia and Echinostoma infections in North America.\" 249 (2009)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09577-6_11"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. M. McCarthy,  \"Parasitology.\"  101, \"Speciation of echinostomes: Evidence for the existence of two sympatric sibling species in the complex Echinoparyphium recurvatum (von Linstow 1873) (Digenea: Echinostomatidae).\" 35 (1990)","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000079725"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Nagataki, C. Tantrawatpan, T. Agatsuma, et al.  \"Infection, Genetics and Evolution.\"  35, \"Mitochondrial DNA sequences of 37 collar-spined echinostomes (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in Thailand and Lao PDR reveals presence of two species: Echinostoma revolutum and E. miyagawai.\" 56 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.07.022"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"W. Noikong, C. Wongsawad, J.-Y. 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Hittinger, et al.  \"Molecular Biology and Evolution.\"  35, \"Evaluating fast maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic programs using empirical phylogenomic data sets.\" 486 (2018)","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx302"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. S. Zietara  and J. Lumme  \"Evolution.\"  56, \"Speciation by host switch and adaptive radiation in a fish parasite genus Gyrodactylus (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae).\" 2445 (2002)","DOI":"10.1554\/0014-3820(2002)056[2445:SBHSAA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. R. Zimmermann, K. E. Luth, G. W. Esch,  \"Acta Parasitologica.\"  60, \"Auto-infection by Echinostoma spp. cercariae in Helisoma anceps.\" 700 (2015)","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2015-0099"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K. Tamura, G. Stecher, S. 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Minchella,  \"Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.\"  55, \"Revealing the secret lives of cryptic species: Examining the phylogenetic relationships of echinostome parasites in North America.\" 611 (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2010.01.004"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. A. Marino, M. P. Holland, E. E. Werner,  \"Parasitology.\"  144, \"The distribution of echinostome parasites in ponds and implications for larval anuran survival.\" 801 (2017)","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016002547"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"V. V. Tkach, O. Kudlai, A. Kostadinova,  \"International Journal for Parasitology.\"  46, \"Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Echinostomatoidea Looss, 1899 (Platyhelminthes: Digenea).\" 171 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2015.11.001"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B. Q. Minh, M. A. T. Nguyen, A. von Haeseler,  \"Molecular Biology and Evolution.\"  30, \"Ultrafast approximation for phylogenetic bootstrap.\" 1188 (2013)","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst024"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. T. Detwiler  and D. J. Minchella  \"International Journal for Parasitology.\"  39, \"Intermediate host availability masks the strength of experimentally-derived colonisation patterns in echinostome trematodes.\" 585 (2009)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2010.01.004"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. T. Detwiler, A. M. Zajac, D. J. Minchella, et al.  \"Journal of Parasitology.\"  98, \"Revealing cryptic parasite diversity in a definitive host: Echinostomes in muskrats.\" 1148 (2012)","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3117.1"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. A. Gordy, L. Kish, M. Tarrabain, et al.  \"Parasitology Research.\"  115, \"A comprehensive survey of larval digenean trematodes and their snail hosts in central Alberta, Canada.\" 3867 (2016)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5152-9"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Poulin, B. R. Krasnov, D. Mouillot,  \"Trends in Parasitology.\"  27, \"Host specificity in phylogenetic and geographic space.\" 355 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2011.05.003"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Vilas, C. D. Criscione, M. S. Blouin,  \"Parasitology.\"  131, \"A comparison between mitochondrial DNA and the ribosomal internal transcribed regions in prospecting for cryptic species of platyhelminth parasites.\" 839 (2005)","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182005008437"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:07:54Z","timestamp":1791234474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-parasitology\/volume-112\/issue-2\/24-138\/Diversity-Host-Range-and-Specificity-of-Echinostomes-Family-Echinostomatidae-Looss\/10.1645\/24-138.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/24-138","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3395","1937-2345"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3395","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2345","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]}}}