{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:35:42Z","timestamp":1792197342913,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society of Parasitologists","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In a parasitological survey of Asiatic toads (Bufo gargarizans) from Chongqing, China, a novel myxosporean was encountered. The species, Cystodiscus chongqingensis n. sp., was found in the gallbladder of toads. The elliptoid myxospores were morphologically consistent with a Cystodiscus species but were distinct from other congeners by myxospore dimensions and DNA sequence comparisons. Myxospores were 14.2 \u00b1 0.4 \u00b5m long (13.6\u201314.9 \u00b5m) and 11.1 \u00b1 0.5 \u00b5m wide (10.4\u201312.0 \u00b5m), and the polar capsules were 4.6 \u00b1 0.3) \u00b5m long (4.0\u20135.1 \u00b5m) and 3.4 \u00b1 0.3 \u00b5m wide (2.6\u20133.8 \u00b5m). Phylogenetically, this new species was sister to all previously described and sequenced Cystodiscus species. Also, the predicted secondary structures of helices 18 and 24 in its small subunit ribosomal RNA were distinct from those of other Cystodiscus species, highlighting its unique phylogenetic position within Cystodiscus. Divergence time estimates suggest that C. chongqingensis n. sp. emerged in the Paleogene Period, significantly earlier than other Cystodiscus species. The discovery of this novel species that represents a unique Cystodiscus lineage warrants further investigations to evaluate whether other Asian Cystodiscus species fall within the same lineage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1645\/24-140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T07:14:11Z","timestamp":1764141251000},"page":"765-773","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Novel Amphibian Myxosporean, Cystodiscus chongqingensis n. sp., Infecting the Asiatic Toad (Bufo gargarizans) from China"],"prefix":"10.1645","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Whipps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 246 Illick Hall, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York 13210."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Qing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3850-4197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengzhong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0438-0747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanjun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1220","reference":[{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. M. Whipps, C. T. Mcallister, K. A. Lindsay,  \"Journal of Parasitology.\"  107, \"Genetic diversity of Cystodiscus species in amphibians in the Southern United States.\" 912 (2021)","DOI":"10.1645\/21-73"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Helfrich, E. Rieb, G. Abrami, et al.  \"Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018).\"  \"TreeAnnotator: versatile visual annotation of hierarchical text relations.\" 1958 (2018)","DOI":"10.63317\/2kvui6d689hn"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. G. Burland,  \"Methods in Molecular Biology.\"  132, \"DNASTAR's Lasergene sequence analysis software.\" 71 (2000)","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-192-2:71"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E. S. Chang, M. Neuhof, N. D. Rubinstein, et al.  \"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA.\"  112, \"Genomic insights into the evolutionary origin of Myxozoa within Cnidaria.\" 14912 (2015)","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1511468112"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"E. H. Cordero,  \"Physis Seccion A los Oceanos y sus Organismos.\"  4, \"Nota sobre \u2018Opalina antilliensis\u2019 Metcalf, ciliado parasito de los batracios del Uruguay.\" 531 (1919)"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. L. J. Delvinquier, M. B. Markus, N. I. Passmore,  \"Systematic Parasitology.\"  23, \"Myxidium lesminteri n. sp. (Myxosporea: Myxidiidae) from the gallbladder of three southern African Anura.\" 25 (1992)","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00008005"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L. L. Espinoza, O. Mertins, G. S. Gama, et al.  \"Acta Tropica.\"  172, \"A new Myxidium species (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) infecting the gallbladder of the turtle Podocnemis unifilis (Testudines: Podocnemididae) from Peruvian Amazon.\" 75 (2017)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.04.021"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Fiala, Barto\u0161ov\u00e1-Sojkov\u00e1 P., C. M. Whipps,  \"Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development.\"  \"Classification and phylogenetics of Myxozoa.\" 85 (2015)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14753-6_5"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Hartigan, I. Fiala, I. Dykov\u00e1, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  6, \"A suspected parasite spill-back of two novel Myxidium spp. (Myxosporea) causing disease in Australian endemic frogs found in the invasive Cane toad.\" e1887 (2011)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018871"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. S. Holzer, Barto\u0161ov\u00e1-Sojkov\u00e1 P., Born-Torrijos A., et al.  \"Molecular Ecology.\"  27, \"The joint evolution of the Myxozoa and their alternate hosts: A cnidarian recipe for success and vast biodiversity.\" 1651 (2018)","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14558"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. S. Holzer, R. Wootten, C. Sommerville,  \"International Journal for Parasitology.\"  37, \"The secondary structure of the unusually long 18S ribosomal RNA of the myxozoan Sphaerospora truttae and structural evolutionary trends in the Myxozoa.\" 1281 (2007)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.03.014"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K. Katoh  and D. M. Standley  \"Molecular Biology & Evolution.\"  30, \"MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in performance and usability.\" 772 (2013)","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Kearse, M. Moi, A. Wilson, et al.  \"Bioinformatics.\"  28, \"GeneiousBasic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data.\" 1647 (2012)","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts199"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Kod\u00e1dkov\u00e1, Barto\u0161ov\u00e1-Sojkov\u00e1 P., A. S. Holzer, et al.  \"International Journal for Parasitology.\"  45, \"Bipteria vetusta n. sp. an old parasite in an old host: Tracing the origin of myxosporean parasitism in vertebrates.\" 269 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.12.004"},{"key":"25","unstructured":"R. R. Kudo  and V. Sprague  \"Revista de Medicina Tropical Habana.\"  6, \"On Myxidium immersum Lutz and M. serotinum n. sp., two Myxosporidian parasites of Salientia of South and North America.\" 65 (1940)"},{"key":"26","unstructured":"L. X. Li,  \"Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica.\"  18, \"Notes on two new species of parasitic protozoa from Rana boulengeri G\u00fcnter (Zoomastigophores: Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae: Myxosporea: Bivalvulida: Myxidiidae).\" 385 (1993)"},{"key":"29","unstructured":"C. T. Mcallister  and S. J. Upton  \"Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington.\"  54, \"Endoparasites of the Smallmouth Salamander, Ambystoma texanum (Caudata: Ambystomatidae) from Dallas County, Texas.\" 258 (1987)"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Okamura  and A. Gruhl  \"The Evolution and Fossil Record of Parasitism: Identification and Macroevolution of Parasites.\"  \"Evolution, origins and diversification of parasitic cnidarians.\" 109 (2021)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-42484-8_4"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. S. Reuter  and D. H. Mathews  \"BMC Bioinformatics.\"  11, \"RNAstructure: Software for RNA secondary structure prediction and analysis.\" 129 (2010)","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-129"},{"key":"35","unstructured":"N. K. Sarkar,  \"Acta Protozoologica.\"  21, \"Myxosporidan Myxidium haldari sp. n. (Myxozoa, Myxidiidae) from Indian tree frog Hyla arborea.\" 197 (1982)"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. Sz\u00e9kely, G. Cech, S. D. Atkinson, et al.  \"Folia Parasitologica.\"  62, \"A novel myxozoan parasite of terrestrial mammals: Description of Soricimyxum minuti sp. n. (Myxosporea) in pygmy shrew Sorex minutus from Hungary.\" 45 (2015)","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2015.045"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F. Takeuchi, T. Sekizuka, Y. Ogasawara, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  10, \"The mitochondrial genomes of a myxozoan genus Kudoa are extremely divergent in Metazoa.\" e0132030 (2015)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal. pone.0132030"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. H. M. D. Vieira, L. P. \u00dangari, De Alcantara E. P., et al.  \"European Journal of Taxonomy.\"  775, \"Description of Cystodiscus elachistocleis sp. nov.(Cnidaria: Myxosporea) parasitizing the gallbladder of Elachistocleis cesarii from Brazil, based on morphological and molecular analyses.\" 107 (2021)","DOI":"10.5852\/ejt.2021.775.1549"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"X. P. Zhang, Y. Liu, C. M. Whipps, et al.  \"International Journal of Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.\"  8, \"Multiple evolutionary routes of the single polar capsule in Thelohanellus species (Myxozoa; Myxobolidae).\" 56 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2018.11.006"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"J. C. Eiras,  \"Acta Parasitologica.\"  50, \"An overview on the myxosporean parasites in amphibians and reptiles.\" 267 (2005)"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Hartigan, M. Wilkinson, D. J. Gower, et al.  \"International Journal for Parasitology.\"  46, \"Myxozoan infections of caecilians demonstrate broad host specificity and indicate a link with human activity.\" 375 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.02.001"},{"key":"28","unstructured":"A. Lutz,  \"Centralblatt f\u00fcr Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde.\"  5, \"\u00dcber ein Myxosporidium aus der Gallenblase brasilianischer Batrachier.\" 84 (1889)"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. C. Eiras, A. Saraiva, C. F. Cruz, et al.  \"Systematic Parasitology.\"  80, \"Synopsis of the species of Myxidium B\u00fctschli, 1882 (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Bivalvulida).\" 81 (2011)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11230-011-9315-x"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Stamatakis,  \"Bioinformatics.\"  30, \"RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies.\" 1312 (2014)","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu033"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D. Darriba, G. L. Taboada, R. Doallo, et al.  \"Nature Methods.\"  9, \"jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing.\" 772 (2012)","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2109"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. J. Drummond, M. A. Suchard, D. Xie, et al.  \"Molecular Biology and Evolution.\"  29, \"Bayesian phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7.\" 1969 (2012)","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss075"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. R. Barta, D. S. Martin, P. A. Liberator, et al.  \"Journal of Parasitology.\"  83, \"Phylogenetic relationships among eight Eimeria species infecting domestic fowl inferred using complete small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences.\" 262 (1997)","DOI":"10.2307\/3284453"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Lom  and I. Dykov\u00e1  \"Folia Parasitologica.\"  53, \"Myxozoan genera: Definition and notes on taxonomy, life-cycle terminology and pathogenic species.\" 1 (2006)","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2006.001"},{"key":"36","unstructured":"B. C. Scheele, F. Pasmans, L. F. Skerratt, et al.  \"Science.\"  363, \"Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity.\" 1459 (2019)"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. Castresana,  \"Molecular Biology and Evolution.\"  17, \"Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis.\" 540 (2000)","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026334"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Hartigan, I. Fiala, I. Dykov\u00e1, et al.  \"Parasitology.\"  139, \"New species of myxosporea from frogs and resurrection of the genus Cystodiscus Lutz, 1889 for species with myxospores in gallbladders of amphibians.\" 478 (2012)","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011002149"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Hartigan, D. N. Phalen, J. \u0160lapeta,  \"International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.\"  2, \"Myxosporean parasites in Australian frogs: importance, implications and future directions.\" 62 (2013)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2012.12.002"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Rambaut, A. J. Drummond, D. Xie, et al.  \"Systematic Biology.\"  67, \"Posterior summarization in Bayesian phylogenetics using tracer 1.7.\" 901 (2018)","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syy032"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. A. Suchard, P. Lemey, G. Baele, et al.  \"Virus Evolution.\"  4, \"Bayesian phylogenetic and phylodynamic data integration using BEAST 1.10.\" vey016 (2018)","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vey016"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. R. Kudo,  \"Transactions of the American Microscopical Society.\"  52, \"A taxonomic consideration of Myxosporidia.\" 195 (1933)","DOI":"10.2307\/3222254"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Okamura, A. Hartigan, J. Naldoni,  \"Integrative and Comparative Biology.\"  58, \"Extensive uncharted biodiversity: The parasite dimension.\" 1132 (2018)","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icy039"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. L. Bartholomew, S. D. Atkinson, S. L. Hallett, et al.  \"International Journal for Parasitology.\"  38, \"Myxozoan parasitism in waterfowl.\" 1199 (2008)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.01.008"},{"key":"32","unstructured":"A. Rambaut,  \"FigTree-version 1.4.3, a graphical viewer of phylogenetic trees. Computer program distributed by the author.\"  (2017)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:44:33Z","timestamp":1791236673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-parasitology\/volume-111\/issue-6\/24-140\/A-Novel-Amphibian-Myxosporean-Cystodiscus-chongqingensis-n-sp-Infecting-the\/10.1645\/24-140.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/24-140","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3395","1937-2345"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3395","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2345","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]}}}