{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:52:31Z","timestamp":1791247951898,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Society of Parasitologists","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Turtle acanthocephalans in the genus Neoechinorhynchus have complex life cycles and are thought to involve an ostracod intermediate host and a turtle definitive host. For Neoechinorhynchus emydis, an additional snail paratenic host is part of its life cycle. However, how snails become infected and whether other species of Neoechinorhynchus can be found in snails remains unclear. This study was conducted to understand the survival, development, and host use of 4 species of turtle acanthocephalans (Neoechinorhynchus chrysemydis, N. emydis, Neoechinorhynchus emyditoides, and Neoechinorhynchus pseudemydis) in their intermediate, paratenic, and definitive hosts. Using eggs recovered from adult acanthocephalans from naturally infected turtle hosts in Oklahoma, experimental infections were conducted in 2 species of ostracods and 1 species of freshwater snail. Ionomes also were generated for these acanthocephalans and their turtle definitive hosts to better understand resource competition. Upon ingestion by ostracods, eggs of all 4 species of acanthocephalans hatched in both ostracod species. However, no further acanthocephalan development occurred in Cypridopsis sp. ostracods, whereas all 4 acanthocephalan species grew and developed into infective juveniles over 28\u201332 days in Physocypria sp. ostracods. Of the 4 species of acanthocephalans, N. emydis grew faster early in ostracods and was the only species to survive and establish in snail hosts. This finding was supported by the observation of proboscis remnants in the feces of snails that ingested ostracods infected with N. chrysemydis, N. emyditoides, and N. pseudemydis. In contrast, when snails were exposed to eggs of all 4 acanthocephalan species, eggs were passed in the feces, resulting in no infections. The overall ionomic composition of adult acanthocephalans and their turtle hosts suggested that the hosts and parasites share host resources. However, specific elemental differences indicated that turtle acanthocephalans can accumulate heavy metals at concentrations higher than those in their hosts. Results of this study support previous field observations and hypotheses that (1) Physocypria sp. ostracods serve as intermediate hosts for N. chrysemydis, N. emydis, N. emyditoides, and N. pseudemydis; (2) N. emydis uses snail paratenic hosts, but snails are a non-viable route of transmission to turtles for N. chrysemydis, N. emyditoides, and N. pseudemydis; and (3) as adults, these 4 acanthocephalan species utilize their turtle definitive hosts similarly in terms of ionomic composition. This work challenges the traditional view of the acanthocephalan life cycle and sets the stage for future hypotheses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1645\/24-34","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T05:39:22Z","timestamp":1731908362000},"page":"545-563","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Life Cycle Variation and Host\u2013Parasite Interactions of Four Congeneric Species of Turtle Acanthocephalans"],"prefix":"10.1645","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3951-2391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan W.","family":"Koch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yetkin","family":"Ipek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew G.","family":"Bolek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1220","reference":[{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. 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Filipiak, J. Ollerton, M. Filipiak,  \"Ecology.\"  104, \"Uncovering the significance of the ratio of food K:Na in bee ecology and evolution.\" e4110 (2023)","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.4110"},{"key":"19","unstructured":"D. A. Gettier,  \"Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington.\"  9, \"Studies on the saline requirements of Neoechinorhynchus emydis.\" 75 (1942)"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Hassanine  and Z. Al-Hasawi  \"Fishes.\"  6, \"Acanthocephalan worms mitigate the harmful impacts of heavy metal pollution on their fish hosts.\" 49 (2021)","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes6040049"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Ipek  and P. D. Jeyasingh  \"Harmful Algae.\"  108, \"Growth and ionomic responses of a freshwater cyanobacterium to supplies of nitrogen and iron.\" 102078 (2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2021.102078"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. T. Jer\u00f4nimo, E. L. Porto, M. A. 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Rogers  \"Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates: Ecology and General Biology.\"  762 (2016)"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K. M. Tj\u00f8rve  and E. Tj\u00f8rve  \"PLoS One.\"  12, \"The use of Gompertz models in growth analyses, and new Gompertz-model approach: An addition to the Unified-Richards family.\" e0178691 (2017)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178691"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. L. Uglem,  \"Journal of Parasitology.\"  58, \"The life cycle of Neoechinorhynchus cristatus Lynch, 1936 (Acanthocephala) with notes on the hatching of eggs.\" 1071 (1972)","DOI":"10.2307\/3278138"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. L. Uglem  and O. R. 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Detwiler, et al.  \"Journal of Parasitology.\"  107, \"Molecular identification of juvenile Neoechinorhynchus spp. (Phylum: Acanthocephala) infecting ostracod and snail hosts provides insight into acanthocephalan host use.\" 739 (2021)","DOI":"10.1645\/20-130"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:03:50Z","timestamp":1791245030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-parasitology\/volume-110\/issue-6\/24-34\/Life-Cycle-Variation-and-HostParasite-Interactions-of-Four-Congeneric-Species\/10.1645\/24-34.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/24-34","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3395","1937-2345"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3395","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2345","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]}}}