{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:57:30Z","timestamp":1791237450133,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"American Society of Parasitologists","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Less well known in the parasitological community than in the entomological community are the wonderfully complex systems of army ants and the multitude of taxa that associate with them, collectively termed guests. Guests include vertebrates such as antbirds, but also a diversity of arthropods such as beetles, flies, wasps, millipedes, thysanurans, and collembolans. In addition, a wide variety of mites live on the bodies of army ants and appear to have become modified in form to conform with a particular site on their ant host. The nature of the relationships between army ants and many of their guest taxa remains to be definitively determined. Nonetheless, relationships involving commensalism, mutualism, parasitism, parasitoidism, and phoresy have all been described. The Carl W. and Marian E. Rettenmeyer Army Ant Guest Collection (AAGC) is largely the result of 55 yr of fieldwork (from 1951 to 2004) by the Rettenmeyers in the jungles of Central and South America. It was donated to the Biodiversity Research Collection at the University of Connecticut in 2016 and has since been stabilized and almost fully digitized. This multifaceted resource includes specimens of army ants and their guests housed in 7,310 vials and 278 jars of ethanol, 5,500 microscope slides of guests, and 108 Cornell-style drawers of pinned specimens. We estimate that it includes over 2,000,000 specimens representing 40 species of army ants and their numerous species of guests and prey. Ancillary material includes data from, and images of, 6,246 Kodachrome slides and 9,500 field cards that provide detailed observations on the members of these systems in the field. An online database consisting of 4 modules (i.e., Specimens, Colonies, Kodachromes, and Field Cards) provides digital access to these materials. Because of its interconnected and detailed nature, the AAGC can serve as an unprecedented resource not only for expanding understanding of multiple aspects of the associations between army ants and their guests, but also for helping to inform fundamental questions about the evolution of interspecific interactions and, of primary interest to this audience, parasitism and parasitoidism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1645\/24-73","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T06:29:09Z","timestamp":1771396149000},"page":"84-99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Rettenmeyer Army Ant Guest Collection: A Multifaceted Resource for Investigating the Fundamental Nature of the Associations between Army Ants and Their \u201cGuests\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1645","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"J. N.","family":"Caira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. E.","family":"O'Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Barbeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Goffinet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Goemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1220","reference":[{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. von Beeren, N. Bl\u00fcthgen, P. O. Hoenle, et al.  \"Molecular Ecology.\"  30, \"A remarkable legion of guests: Diversity and host specificity of army ant symbionts.\" 5229 (2021)","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16101"},{"key":"1","unstructured":"R. D. Akre  and C. W. Rettenmeyer  \"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society.\"  39, \"Behavior of Staphylinidae associated with army ants (Formidicae: Ecitonini).\" 745 (1966)"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"R. D. Akre  and C. W. Rettenmeyer  \"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society.\"  41, \"Trail-following by guests of army ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ecitonini).\" 163 (1968)"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. M. Berghoff, E. Wurst, E. Ebermann, et al.  \"Ecological Entomology.\"  34, \"Symbionts of societies that fission: Mites as guests or parasites of army ants.\" 684 (2009)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.2009.01125.x"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. L. Borowiec,  \"Systematic Biology.\"  68, \"Convergent evolution of the army ant syndrome and congruence in big-data phylogenetics.\" 642 (2019)","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syy088"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. G. Brady, B. L. Fisher, T. R. Schultz, et al.  \"BMC Evolutionary Biology.\"  14, \"The rise of army ants and their relatives: Diversification of specialized predatory doryline ants.\" 2 (2014)","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-14-93"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Br\u00fcckner, H. Klompen, A. I. Bruce, et al.  \"PeerJ.\"  5, \"Infection of army ant pupae by two new parasitoid mites (Mesostigmata: Uropodina).\" e3870 (2017)","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3870"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Chadab-Crepet  and C. W. Rettenmeyer  \"The Biology of Social Insects.\"  \"Comparative behavior of social wasps when attacked by army ants or other predators and parasites.\" 270 (1982)","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429309113-56"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"E. A. Cross,  \"University of Kansas Science Bulletin.\"  45, \"The generic relationships of the family Pyemotidae (Acarina: Trombidiformes).\" 29 (1965)"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"R. H. L. Disney  and S. M. Berghoff  \"Sociobiology.\"  49, \"New species and new records of scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) associated with army ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Panama.\" 59 (2007)"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"R. H. L. Disney  and C. W. Rettenmeyer  \"Sociobiology.\"  55, \"New species and new records of scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) associated with neotropical army ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)\" 7 (2010)"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. R. Dodge,  \"Annals of the Entomological Society of America.\"  61, \"The Sarcophagidae of Barro Colorado Island, Panama (Diptera).\" 421 (1968)","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/61.2.421"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. J. Elzinga,  \"Recent Advances in Acarology.\"  2, \"Evolution of the holdfast structures in Planodiscus\u2013Antennequesoma\u2013Coxequesoma complex of army ant mites.\" 447 (1979)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-592202-9.50063-X"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"R. J. 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Elzinga,  \"Acarologica.\"  34, \"Larvamimidae, a new family of mites (Acari, Dermanyssoidea) associated with army ants.\" 95 (1993)"},{"key":"21","unstructured":"R. J. Elzinga,  \"Acarologica.\"  35, \"Two new species of Circocylliba (Acari: Uropodina) and range extensions for previously described species.\" 217 (1994)"},{"key":"22","unstructured":"R. J. Elzinga,  \"Acarologia.\"  36, \"Six new species of Trichocylliba (Acari: Uropodina) associated with army ants.\" 107 (1995)"},{"key":"23","unstructured":"R. J. Elzinga,  \"Sociobiology.\"  31, \"A new genus and five new species of mites (Acari: Ascidae) associated with army ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).\" 351 (1998)"},{"key":"24","unstructured":"R. J. Elzinga  and C. W. Rettenmeyer  \"Acarologia.\"  12, \"Five new species of Planodiscus (Acarina: Uropodina) found on doryline ants.\" 59 (1970)"},{"key":"25","unstructured":"R. J. Elzinga  and C. W. Rettenmeyer  \"Acarologia.\"  14, \"Seven new species of Circocylliba (Acarina: Uropodina) found on army ants.\" 595 (1974)"},{"key":"26","unstructured":"N. R. Franks,  \"The Ecology of a Tropical Forest: Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes.\"  \"Ecology and population regulation in the army ant Eciton burchelli.\" 389 (1982)"},{"key":"27","unstructured":"N. R. Franks,  \"Fortschritte der Zoologie (Stuttgart).\"  31, \"Reproduction, foraging efficiency and worker polymorphism in army ants.\" 91 (1985)"},{"key":"28","unstructured":"W. H. Gotwald,  \"Army Ants: The Biology of Social Predation.\"  302 (1995)"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"T. Hettiarachchi, V. Schilling, T. Campbell, et al.  \"Science Scope.\"  43, \"Army ants and their guests: Learning from the miniature societies of army ants as a model for understanding group behavior and natural selection.\" 41 (2020)","DOI":"10.1080\/08872376.2020.12291341"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. H\u00f6lldobler  and E. O. Wilson  \"The Ants.\"  752 (1990)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-10306-7"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D. P. Hughes, N. E. Pierce, J. J. Boomsma,  \"Trends in Ecology & Evolution.\"  23, \"Social insect symbionts: Evolution in homeostatic fortresses.\" 672 (2008)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.07.011"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. B. Ivens, C. Von Beeren, N. Bl\u00fcthgen, et al.  \"Annual Review of Entomology.\"  61, \"Studying the complex communities of ants and their symbionts using ecological network analysis.\" 353 (2016)","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010715-023719"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. B. Jackson,  \"Ecology.\"  38, \"Microclimatic patterns in the army ant bivouac.\" 276 (1957)","DOI":"10.2307\/1931686"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. H. Kistner,  \"Social Insects.\"  1, \"Social and evolutionary significance of social insect symbionts.\" 339 (1979)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-342201-9.50015-X"},{"key":"39","unstructured":"G. W. Krantz,  \"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society.\"  35, \"Descriptions of three myrmecophilous Macrochelidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) from Panama, British Guiana and the British West Indes.\" 349 (1962)"},{"key":"40","unstructured":"G. W. Krantz,  \"Acarologia.\"  39, \"Observations on five rarely collected genera of Macrochelidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) associated with insects.\" 95 (1998)"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D. J. C. Kronauer  and N. E. Pierce  \"Current Biology.\"  21, \"Myrmecophiles.\" R208 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.01.050"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. K. Lindemann,  \"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Digital and Interactive Arts. Artech.\"  21, \"The Legacy of a Lifetime of Collecting: An Interactive Natural History Museum Exhibit.\" 1 (2021)","DOI":"10.1145\/3483529.3483665"},{"key":"45","unstructured":"S. Mahunka,  \"Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae.\"  23, \"The examination of myrmecophilous tarsonemid mites based on investigations of Dr. C. W. Rettenmeyer (Acari). I.\" 99 (1977a)"},{"key":"46","unstructured":"S. Mahunka,  \"Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae.\"  23, \"The examination of myrmecophilous tarsonemid mites based on the investigation of Dr. C. W. Rettenmeyer (Acari). II.\" 341 (1977b)"},{"key":"47","unstructured":"S. Mahunka,  \"Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae.\"  31, \"The examination of myrmecophilous Acaroidea mites based on the investigations of Dr. C. W. Rettenmeyer (Acari: Acaroidea) I.\" 155 (1978a)"},{"key":"48","unstructured":"S. Mahunka,  \"Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae.\"  25, \"The examination of myrmecophilous Acaroidea mites based on the investigations of Dr. C. W. Rettenmeyer (Acari: Acaroidea). II.\" 311 (1978b)"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. O'donnell, A. Kumar, C. J. Logan,  \"Wilson Journal of Ornithology.\"  126, \"Do Nearctic migrant birds compete with residents at army ant raids? A geographic and seasonal analysis.\" 474 (2014)","DOI":"10.1676\/13-109.1"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. S. Ray  and C. C. Andrews  \"Science.\"  210, \"Antbutterflies: Butterflies that follow army ants to feed on antbird droppings.\" 1147 (1980)","DOI":"10.1126\/science.210.4474.1147"},{"key":"52","unstructured":"C. W. Rettenmeyer,  \"Arthropods associated with Neotropical army ants with a review of the behavior of these ants (Arthropoda: Formicidae: Dorylinae).\"  660 (1961a)"},{"key":"53","unstructured":"C. W. Rettenmeyer,  \"University of Kansas Science Bulletin.\"  42, \"Observations on the biology and taxonomy of flies found over swarm raids of army ants (Diptera: Tachinidae, Conopidae).\" 993 (1961b)"},{"key":"54","unstructured":"C. W. Rettenmeyer,  \"XI. Internationaler Kongress f\u00fcr Entomologie Wien.\"  1960, \"Behavior, abundance and host specificity of mites found on Neotropical army ants.\" 610 (1961c)"},{"key":"55","unstructured":"C. W. Rettenmeyer,  \"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society.\"  35, \"The behavior of millipedes found with Neotropical army ants.\" 377 (1962a)"},{"key":"56","unstructured":"C. W. Rettenmeyer,  \"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society.\"  35, \"Notes on the host specificity and behavior of myrmecophilous macrochelid mites.\" 358 (1962b)"},{"key":"57","unstructured":"C. W. Rettenmeyer,  \"University of Kansas Science Bulletin.\"  44, \"Behavioral studies of army ants.\" 281 (1963a)"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. W. Rettenmeyer,  \"Annals of the Entomological Society of America.\"  56, \"The behavior of Thysanura found with army ants.\" 170 (1963b)","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/56.2.170"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. W. Rettenmeyer  and R. D. Akre  \"Annals of the Entomological Society of America.\"  71, \"Ectosymbiosis between phorid flies and army ants.\" 1317 (1968)","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/61.5.1317"},{"key":"61","unstructured":"C. W. Rettenmeyer, R. Chadab-Crepet, M. G. Naumann, et al.  \"Social Insects in the Tropics.\"  2, \"Comparative foraging by Neotropical army ants.\" 59 (1983)"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. W. Rettenmeyer, M. E. Rettenmeyer, J. Joseph, et al.  \"Insectes Sociaux.\"  58, \"The largest animal association centered on one species: The army ant Eciton burchellii and its more than 300 associates.\" 281 (2010)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00040-010-0128-8"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K. Y. Robles L\u00f3pez, J. Sosa-Calvo, J. M. Calixto, et al.  \"Biotropica.\"  56, \"One ant's trash is another ant's treasure: Army ant middens provide resources for diverse ant assemblages.\" 58 (2024)","DOI":"10.1111\/btp.13280"},{"key":"64","unstructured":"T. C. Schneirla,  \"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History.\"  94, \"Army-ant life and behavior under dry-season conditions. 3. The course of reproduction and colony behavior.\" 1 (1949)"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. C. Schneirla, R. Z. Brown, F. C. Brown,  \"Ecological Monographs.\"  24, \"The bivouac or temporary nest as an adaptive factor in certain terrestrial species of army ants.\" 269 (1954)","DOI":"10.2307\/1948466"},{"key":"67","unstructured":"C. Von Beeren  and D. Kronauer  \"17th Congress of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects (IUSSI), 13\u201318 July 2014.\"  \"Biodiversity and life history adaptations of army ant myrmecophiles.\" (2014)"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Von Beeren, M. Maruyama, R. Hashim, et al.  \"Evolutionary Ecology.\"  25, \"Differential host defense against multiple parasites in ants.\" 259 (2011)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-010-9420-3"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. Von Beeren, M. Maruyama, D. J. Kronauer,  \"PLoS One.\"  11, \"Community sampling and integrative taxonomy reveal new species and host specificity in the army ant-associated beetle genus Tetradonia (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae).\" e0165056 (2016a)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165056"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. Von Beeren, M. Maruyama, D. J. Kronauer,  \"Molecular Ecology.\"  25, \"Cryptic diversity, high host specificity and reproductive synchronization in army ant-associated Vatesus beetles.\" 990 (2016b)","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13500"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. Von Beeren  and A. K. Tishechkin  \"BMC Zoology.\"  2, \"Nymphister kronaueri von Beeren & Tishechkin sp. nov., an army ant-associated beetle species (Coleoptera: Histeridae: Haeteriinae) with an exceptional mechanism of phoresy.\" 3 (2017)","DOI":"10.1186\/s40850-016-0010-x"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E. Wasmann,  \"Kritisches Verzeichniss der Myrmecophilen und Termitophilen Arthropoden mit Angabe der Lebensweise und mit Beschreibung neuer Arten.\"  231 (1894)","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.122977"},{"key":"73","unstructured":"M. S. Webster,  \"The Extended Specimen: Emerging Frontiers in Collections-Based Ornithological Research.\"  252 (2017)"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. E. Winston, D. J. Kronauer, C. S. Moreau,  \"Molecular Ecology.\"  26, \"Early and dynamic colonization of Central America drives speciation in Neotropical army ants.\" 859 (2017)","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13846"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. W. Rettenmeyer,  \"Annual Review of Entomology.\"  15, \"Insect mimicry.\" 43 (1970)","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.15.010170.000355"},{"key":"11","unstructured":"R. H. L. Disney  and C. W. Rettenmeyer  \"Sociobiology.\"  49, \"New species and revisionary notes on scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) associated with Neotropical army ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).\" 1 (2007)"},{"key":"38","unstructured":"D. H. Kistner  and H. R. Jacobson  \"Sociobiology.\"  17, \"Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the ecitophilous tribe Ecitocharini with studies of their behavior and evolution (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae).\" 333 (1990)"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Lendemer, B. Thiers, A. K. Monfils, et al.  \"BioScience.\"  70, \"The Extended Specimen Network: A strategy to enhance US biodiversity collections, promote research and education.\" 23 (2020)","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biz140"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. L. Borowiec,  \"ZooKeys.\"  608, \"Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae).\" 1 (2016)","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.608.9427"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. H. Wrege, M. Wikelski, J. T. Mandel, et al.  \"Ecology.\"  86, \"Antbirds parasitize foraging army ants.\" 555 (2005)","DOI":"10.1890\/04-1133"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. O. Hoenle, N. Bl\u00fcthgen, A. Br\u00fcckner, et al.  \"Molecular Ecology.\"  28, \"Species-level predation network uncovers high prey specificity in a Neotropical army ant community.\" 2423 (2019)","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15078"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Kaspari, S. Powell, J. Lattke, et al.  \"Journal of Animal Ecology.\"  80, \"Predation and patchiness in the tropical litter: do swarm-raiding army ants skim the cream or drain the bottle?\" 818 (2011)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2011.01826.x"},{"key":"41","unstructured":"D. J. Kronauer,  \"Myrmecological News.\"  12, \"Recent advances in army ant biology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).\" 51 (2009)"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. A. Manubay  and S. Powell  \"Journal of Animal Ecology.\"  89, \"Detection of prey odours underpins dietary specialization in a Neotropical top-predator: How army ants find their ant prey.\" 1165 (2020)","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13188"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. H. Kistner,  \"Social insects.\"  \"The social insects' bestiary.\" 1 (1982)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-342203-3.50008-4"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:20:24Z","timestamp":1791235224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-parasitology\/volume-112\/issue-1\/24-73\/The-Rettenmeyer-Army-Ant-Guest-Collection--A-Multifaceted-Resource\/10.1645\/24-73.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/24-73","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3395","1937-2345"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3395","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2345","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]}}}