{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:00:21Z","timestamp":1791234021680,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"American Society of Parasitologists","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hermaphroditic mating systems profoundly influence evolution, yet in parasitic flatworms (Neodermata) they remain strikingly understudied. For decades, sweeping claims have oscillated between pervasive selfing and near-universal outcrossing, reflecting a lack of comprehensive synthesis. This review, the first in more than 40 yr, integrates nearly a century of research, from early observational studies to modern genetic analyses, to reveal a far more nuanced picture. Our meta-analysis of population-genetic data shows a sharp departure from the bimodal selfing patterns typical of plants and other hermaphroditic animals: neodermatan parasites are strongly skewed toward outcrossing. We link variation in mating systems to parasite demography and life-history traits, especially in species exhibiting mixed mating or elevated selfing. Current evidence suggests outcrossing is common, but taxonomic and life-history gaps preclude definitive conclusions. Beyond patterns and causes, we explore evolutionary consequences ranging from fitness costs such as inbreeding depression to trait evolution, including delayed selfing, sex allocation, and complex life cycles. Evidence for inbreeding depression is mixed and limited, yet emerging approaches using selfing-rate comparisons offer promising avenues for future research. Notably, demographic constraints, such as infection intensity and life-cycle architecture, often explain mixed mating without invoking selection, challenging classical models. Similarly limited in number, studies on sex allocation indicate that hermaphroditic mating systems can shape reproductive investment, with patterns consistent with local sperm competition in some taxa. By consolidating historical observations with modern genetic insights, this review provides the most comprehensive synthesis of hermaphroditic mating systems in the Neodermata to date. We highlight critical gaps in taxonomic coverage and experimental data and point to future opportunities for integrating genomic approaches with ecological and demographic frameworks. Such integration will be essential to illuminate how mating systems shape parasite evolution and to resolve long-standing questions about the persistence of mixed mating despite theoretical expectations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1645\/25-100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:32:40Z","timestamp":1786728760000},"page":"451-474","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Review: Causes and Consequences of Doing it with Oneself\u2014Synthesis and Meta-Analysis of Neodermatan Hermaphroditic Mating Systems"],"prefix":"10.1645","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9820-1641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenna M.","family":"Hulke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles D.","family":"Criscione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77840."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1220","reference":[{"key":"20","unstructured":"B. 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Experiments of transplantation of adult Paragonimus ohirai and P. westermani into the peritoneal cavities of the subcutaneous tissues of rats.\" 266 (1960)"},{"key":"132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Pollak,  \"Genetics.\"  117, \"On the theory of partially inbreeding finite populations. I. Partial selfing.\" 353 (1987)","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/117.2.353"},{"key":"135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. K. Rahn, J. Krassmann, K. Tsobanidis, et al.  \"Infection, Genetics and Evolution.\"  44, \"Strong neutral genetic differentiation in a host, but not in its parasite.\" 261 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.07.011"},{"key":"136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. A. Ramm,  \"Molecular Reproduction and Development.\"  84, \"Exploring the sexual diversity of flatworms: Ecology, evolution, and the molecular biology of reproduction.\" 120 (2017)","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22669"},{"key":"138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. P. 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The life history of Echinostoma audyi sp. n.\" 781 (1965)","DOI":"10.2307\/3276158"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:32:55Z","timestamp":1791232375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-parasitology\/volume-112\/issue-4\/25-100\/Review--Causes-and-Consequences-of-Doing-it-with-OneselfSynthesis\/10.1645\/25-100.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"references-count":188,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/25-100","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3395","1937-2345"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3395","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2345","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]}}}