{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:51:40Z","timestamp":1791240700383,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society of Parasitologists","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Trichomonas gallinae is a protozoan parasite of the upper digestive tract of poultry and wild birds and poses a serious threat to the wild bird population and the pigeon industry globally. Therefore, rapid diagnosis and timely treatments are necessary to control T. gallinae. Although some conventional diagnostic methods have been described previously, these methods are hampered by omissions or high costs. In this study, the combination of biotin-labeled and FAM-labeled primers and probes for recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) with a lateral flow dipstick (LFD) was investigated to visualize the RAA results. The RAA-LFD assay was established for the on-site, rapid, and sensitive detection of T. gallinae. The RAA-LFD assay with Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Tetratrichomonas gallinarum did not produce a cross-reaction, which indicated that this RAA-LFD assay is specific for detecting T. gallinae. In addition, the RAA-LFD assay demonstrated high sensitivity with the lowest detection limit of 2.78 \u00d7 101 copies\/\u00b5l of the Fe-HYD standard plasmid for T. gallinae. The complete detection process of the RAA-LFD assay was found to require 45 min. These results suggest that the RAA-LFD assay established in the present study may be promising for the rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of T. gallinae during surveillance efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1645\/25-34","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T04:35:14Z","timestamp":1760934914000},"page":"669-673","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recombinase-Aided Amplification Combined with Lateral Flow Dipstick for the Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Trichomonas gallinae"],"prefix":"10.1645","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinglong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaqian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Biodiversity Conservation Research Center, Beijing, 100076, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Biodiversity Conservation Research Center, Beijing, 100076, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengfan","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ganzhou Polytechnic, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341008, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingxun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Biodiversity Conservation Research Center, Beijing, 100076, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8007-8072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Congshan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1220","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. E. Ahmadabad, B. Shemshadi, Z. Momeni, et al.  \"Parasitology Research.\"  123, \"Molecular detection and characterization of Trichomonas gallinae isolated from ornamental birds in Tehran, Iran.\" 335 (2024)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-024-08346-3"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Alejandro Mateo, I. Azami-Conesa, B. Mart\u00ednmaldonado, et al.  \"Parasitology Research.\"  121, \"Adaptation of the classical end-point ITS-PCR for the diagnosis of avian trichomonosis to a real-time PCR reveals Bonelli's eagle as a new host for Trichomonas gypaetinii.\" 3663 (2022)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07693-3"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Amin, D. Liebhart, H. Weissenb\u00f6ck, et al.  \"Journal of Comparative Pathology.\"  144, \"Experimental infection of turkeys and chickens with a clonal strain of Tetratrichomonas gallinarum induces a latent infection in the absence of clinical signs and lesions.\" 55 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2010.06.002"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Arfin, M. A. Sayeed, S. Sultana, et al.  \"Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research.\"  6, \"Prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae infection in pigeon of Jessore District, Bangladesh.\" 549 (2019)","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2019.f381"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Z. Bian, W. B. Liu, J. H. Jin, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  17, \"Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification assay with lateral flow dipstick (RPA-LFD) for rapid detection of Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli.\" e0278869 (2022)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278869"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. M. Cai, Y. B. Zhu, Y. Liu, et al.  \"Gene.\"  920, \"Selection of a suitable reference gene for gene-expression studies in Trichomonas gallinae under various biotic and abiotic stress conditions.\" 148522 (2024)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2024.148522"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. J. Forrester  and G. W. Foster  \"Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds.\"  \"Trichomonosis.\" 120 (2008)","DOI":"10.1002\/9780813804620.ch6"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. W. Gerhold, C. M. Tate, S. E. Gibbs, et al.  \"Journal of Wildlife Diseases.\"  43, \"Necropsy findings and arbovirus surveillance in mourning doves from the southeastern United States.\" 129 (2007)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.1.129"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L. Gui, Y. Zhao, D. Xu, et al.  \"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.\"  12, \"Quick detection of Carassius auratus herpes-virus (CaHV) by recombinase-aid amplification lateral flow dipstick (RAA-LFD) method.\" 981911 (2022)","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.981911"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. L. Kemp  and W. M. Reid  \"Poultry Science.\"  44, \"Pathogenicity studies on Trichomonas gallinarum in domestic poultry.\" 215 (1965)","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0440215"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. E. Kietzmann,  \"Journal of Parasitology.\"  79, \"Relationships of Trichomonas gallinae to the palatal-esophageal junction of ring doves (Streptopelia risoria) as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.\" 408 (1993)","DOI":"10.2307\/3283578"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Lawson, A. A. Cunningham, J. Chantrey, et al.  \"Infection Genetics and Evolution.\"  11, \"A clonal strain of Trichomonas gallinae is the aetiologic agent of an emerging avian epidemic disease.\" 1638 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.06.007"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Li, J. Macdonald, F. Von Stetten,  \"Analyst.\"  144, \"Review: A comprehensive summary of a decade development of the recombinase polymerase amplification.\" 31 (2019)","DOI":"10.1039\/C8AN01621F"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Mehlhorn, S. Al-Quraishy, A. Aziza, et al.  \"Parasitology Research.\"  105, \"Fine structure of the bird parasites Trichomonas gallinae and Tetratrichomonas gallinarum from cultures.\" 751 (2009)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1451-8"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. M. Mostegl, B. Richter, N. Nedorost, et al.  \"Veterinary Parasitology.\"  171, \"Design and validation of an oligonucleotide probe for the detection of protozoa from the order Trichomonadida using chromogenic in situ hybridization.\" 1 (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.03.022"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"S. Parker, J. Campbell, C. Ribble, et al.  \"Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research.\"  67, \"Sample collection factors affect the sensitivity of the diagnostic test for Tritrichomonas foetus in bulls.\" 138 (2003)"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. B. Qiu, M. N. Lv, X. He, et al.  \"Korean Journal of Parasitology.\"  55, \"PCR identification and phylogenetic analysis of Trichomonas gallinae from domestic pigeons in Guangzhou, China.\" 333 (2017)","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2017.55.3.333"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"P. Quillfeldt, Y. R. Schumm, C. Marek, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  13, \"Prevalence and genotyping of Trichomonas infections in wild birds in central Germany.\" e0200798 (2018)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200798"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. Renter\u00eda-Sol\u00eds, T. Nguyen-Ho-Bao, S. Taha, et al.  \"Parasitology Research.\"  119, \"A SYBR green I real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for detection and quantification of Trichomonas gallinae.\" 3909 (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06887-x"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B. Sigrist, J. Geers, S. Albini, et al.  \"Viruses.\"  13, \"A new multiplex real-time RT-PCR for simultaneous detection and differentiation of avian bornaviruses.\" 1358 (2021)","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071358"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Sigrist, T. W. C. Ng, S. Albini, et al.  \"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation.\"  34, \"A new duplex real-time PCR for simultaneous detection and differentiation of Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Trichomonas gallinae.\" 631 (2022)","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387221098069"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. M. Stabler,  \"Experimental Parasitology.\"  3, \"Trichomonas gallinae: A review.\" 368 (1954)","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(54)90035-1"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L. Wang, P. Zhao, X. Si, et al.  \"Frontiers in Microbiology.\"  10, \"Rapid and specific detection of Listeria monocytogenes with an isothermal amplification and lateral flow strip combined method that eliminates false-positive signals from primer\u2013dimers.\" 2959 (2020a)","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02959"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. C. Wang, B. X. Huang, X. J. Ma, et al.  \"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.\"  67, \"Reverse-transcription recombinase-aided amplification assay for H7 subtype avian influenza virus.\" 877 (2020b)","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13411"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. Wu, P. Zhao, X. Yang, et al.  \"Frontiers in Microbiology.\"  11, \"A recombinase polymerase amplification and lateral flow strip combined method that detects Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium with no worry of primer-dependent artifacts.\" 1015 (2020)","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01015"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K. Wu, Y. Zhang, S. Zeng, et al.  \"Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences.\"  8, \"Development and application of RAA nucleic acid test strip assay and double RAA gel electrophoresis detection methods for ASFV and CSFV.\" 811824 (2022)","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.811824"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. Xiang, Y. Li, S. Jing, et al.  \"Pathogens.\"  12, \"Trichomonas gallinae kills host cells using trogocytosis.\" 1008 (2023)","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12081008"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F. W. Zeng, X. J. Chen, W. H. Zhong, et al.  \"Scientific Reports.\"  14, \"Recombinase-aided amplification combined with lateral flow detection assay for sex identification of the great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus).\" 1 (2024)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72743-y"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Zhou, Y. Chen, X. Song, et al.  \"Veterinary Parasitology.\"  334, \"Rapid and sensitive detection of Trichomonas gallinae using RAACRISPR-Cas12a.\" 110412 (2025)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110412"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Amin, I. Bilic, D. Liebhart, et al.  \"Parasitology.\"  141, \"Trichomonads in birds\u2014A review.\" 733 (2014)","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013002096"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:56:43Z","timestamp":1791237403000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-parasitology\/volume-111\/issue-5\/25-34\/Recombinase-Aided-Amplification-Combined-with-Lateral-Flow-Dipstick-for-the\/10.1645\/25-34.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/25-34","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3395","1937-2345"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3395","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2345","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]}}}