{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:55:55Z","timestamp":1791237355725,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society of Parasitologists","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding and controlling vectors and vector-borne diseases is critical for maintaining public health in Singapore. Although mosquitoes, ticks, and the diseases they cause have attracted strong attention from researchers in recent years, fleas and flea-borne diseases remain largely neglected in Singapore. To stimulate research on this neglected topic, we examine trends in flea-borne rickettsiosis in Singapore from 2016\u20132022. Trends in these data indicate that the majority of cases are locally acquired and are more common in males, migrant workers, and teens\/young adults from ages 15\u201334. In addition, the bat flea Thaumapsylla breviceps is recorded from Singapore for the first time along with the first records of Ctenocephalides felis from Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and Canis familiaris in Singapore. A checklist of the fleas of Singapore with a host index is presented and the present state of knowledge on the diversity of fleas and flea-borne diseases in Singapore is discussed. Finally, a roadmap is presented to provide a direction for future research and public policy to more effectively address the challenges associated with fleas and flea-borne diseases in Singapore.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1645\/25-54","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T03:12:45Z","timestamp":1775185965000},"page":"162-169","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fleas and Flea-Borne Diseases in Singapore: Diversity, Trends, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.1645","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7672-9672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mackenzie L.","family":"Kwak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, 9 Chome Kita 18 Jonishi, Kita Ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Hastriter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 290 MLBM, PO Box 20200, Provo, Utah 84602-0200."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Nakao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, 9 Chome Kita 18 Jonishi, Kita Ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1220","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F. Beugnet, M. Labuschagne, C. De Vos, et al.  \"Parasite.\"  25, \"Analysis of Dipylidium caninum tapeworms from dogs and cats, or their respective fleas: Part 2. Distinct canine and feline host association with two different Dipylidium caninum genotypes.\" 31 (2018)","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2018029"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"M. I. C. Chen, J. K. T. Chua, C. C. 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Simon,  \"Lancet.\"  155, \"Plague in relation to Singapore.\" 153 (1900)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)87426-2"},{"key":"39","unstructured":"K. Takebana,  \"Fleas, Rats and Plague: I Saw All Three.\"  134 (1991)"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. T. Teoh, S. F. Hii, M. A. Stevenson, et al.  \"Parasites & Vectors.\"  10, \"Serological evidence of exposure to Rickettsia felis and Rickettsia typhi in Australian veterinarians.\" 129 (2017)","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2075-y"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Yap, D. Mailepessov, X. F. Lim, et al.  \"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.\"  103, \"Detection of Japanese encephalitis virus in Culex mosquitoes in Singapore.\" 1234 (2020)","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0377"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. L. Kwak, E. S. Neves, S. A. Borthwick, et al.  \"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases.\"  12, \"Habitat impacts the abundance and network structure within tick (Acari: Ixodidae) communities on tropical small mammals.\" 101654 (2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101654"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"I. Bitam, K. Dittmar, P. Parola, et al.  \"International Journal of Infectious Diseases.\"  14, \"Fleas and flea-borne diseases.\" 667 (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.011"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:08:20Z","timestamp":1791234500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-parasitology\/volume-112\/issue-2\/25-54\/Fleas-and-Flea-Borne-Diseases-in-Singapore--Diversity-Trends\/10.1645\/25-54.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/25-54","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3395","1937-2345"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3395","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2345","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]}}}