{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:55:22Z","timestamp":1791237322344,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Society of Parasitologists","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Parasitic feather-feeding lice have diets rich in amino acids but deficient in essential B vitamins. Around 22% of feather-feeding louse species are host to vertically inherited endosymbiotic bacteria belonging to the genus Sodalis. These endosymbiotic Sodalis species have undergone genome degeneration, with genes supporting amino acid synthesis being lost, while genes required for B vitamin synthesis are largely retained. However, several species of lice are host to endosymbionts belonging to proteobacteria genera other than Sodalis. It is unknown if these other endosymbionts have undergone a similar degenerative process. Here, we examine the genome of an endosymbiotic Enterobacter species, identified in a feather-feeding wing louse, asking if this endosymbiont arrived at a similar evolutionary outcome as Sodalis species. We find that this endosymbiotic Enterobacter species possesses a reduced genome and, similar to endosymbiotic Sodalis species, retains the genes required for the synthesis of B vitamins, complementing deficiencies in the louse's diet. This endosymbiont also lacks the ability to synthesize amino acids, which are abundant in the louse's diet. The data suggest that both Sodalis and Enterobacter species have independently converged on a common evolutionary solution in response to symbioses with feather-feeding lice. Thus, bacterial endosymbionts in these two different genera appear to be ecological replicates, providing lice with the same metabolic services in support of parasitism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1645\/25-63","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T09:13:11Z","timestamp":1774343591000},"page":"150-157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Convergent Evolution between Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Feather-Feeding Lice"],"prefix":"10.1645","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Mariam","family":"Topchyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Sustainability, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Carry Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mikail","family":"Bala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Sustainability, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Carry Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin P.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly K. O.","family":"Walden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61821."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9837-3483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bret M.","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Sustainability, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Carry Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1220","reference":[{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L. Alickovic, K. P. Johnson, B. M. Boyd,  \"BMC Ecology Evolution.\"  21, \"The reduced genome of a heritable symbiont from an ectoparasitic feather feeding louse.\" 108 (2021)","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-021-01840-7"},{"key":"13","unstructured":"P. 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Lavoipierre,  \"Experimental Parasitology.\"  20, \"Feeding mechanism of Haematopinus suis, on the transilluminated mouse ear.\" 303 (1967)","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(67)90053-7"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. Mahmood, E. Novakova, J. Martinu, et al.  \"Microbiome.\"  11, \"Supergroup F Wolbachia with extremely reduced genome: Transition to obligate insect symbionts.\" 22 (2023)","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01462-9"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. L. Michaels, C. Cruz, A. P. Grollman, et al.  \"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA.\"  89, \"Evidence that MutY and MutM combine to prevent mutations by an oxidatively damage from of guanine in DNA.\" 7022 (1992)","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.15.7022"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Mira, H. Ochman, N. A. 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Singh, et al.  \"Enterobacter hormaechei as plant growth-promoting bacteria for improvement in Lycopersicum esculentum.\"  78, \"Current Microbiology.\" 1208 (2021)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-021-02368-1"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Ries,  \"Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere.\"  20, \"Die symbiose der lause und federlinge.\" 233 (1931)","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00444101"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. A. \u0158\u00edhov\u00e1, K. C. Bell, E. Nov\u00e1kov\u00e1, et al.  \"Frontiers in Microbiology.\"  13, \"Lightella neohaematopini: A new lineage of highly reduced endosymbionts coevolving with chipmunk lice of the genus Neohaematopinus.\" 2022.900312 (2022)","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.900312"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. A \u0158\u00edhov\u00e1, S. Gupta, E. 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Korobeynikov, et al.  \"Genome Research.\"  27, \"metaSPAdes: a new versatile metagenomic assembler.\" 824 (2017)","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.213959.116"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:09:22Z","timestamp":1791234562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-parasitology\/volume-112\/issue-2\/25-63\/Convergent-Evolution-between-Endosymbiotic-Bacteria-in-Feather-Feeding-Lice\/10.1645\/25-63.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/25-63","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3395","1937-2345"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3395","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2345","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]}}}