{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:59:47Z","timestamp":1791233987964,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Society of Parasitologists","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Uncertainty shrouds the number and identity of the species of Sarcocystis infecting horses in the United States. Horses are intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis fayeri, for which the domestic dog is the definitive host. Clinical signs and lesions associated with S. fayeri are not defined. Granulomatous myositis, especially involving the chest and dysphagia, is one of the clinical presentations associated with S. fayeri infections. Whether S. fayeri is the sole species that forms sarcocysts in equine muscles in the United States is not clear. Little is known of the molecular diagnosis of Sarcocystis species in the muscles of horses. One of us (J.P.D.) has studied equine sarcocystosis for the past 5 decades. Here, we review the status of these aspects from a historical and personal perspective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1645\/26-30","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T07:19:33Z","timestamp":1784013573000},"page":"397-405","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Muscular Sarcocystis Infections in Horses in North America: Etiology, Clinical Disease, Personal Perception, and Deposition of Specimens in the Smithsonian Museum"],"prefix":"10.1645","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4455-2870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. P.","family":"Dubey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditya","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. M.","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1220","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Aleman, K. Shapiro, S. Sis\u00f3, et al.  \"Neuromuscular Disorders.\"  26, \"Sarcocystis fayeri in skeletal muscle of horses with neuromuscular disease.\" 85 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2015.09.014"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. W. Al-Khalidi  and J. P. Dubey  \"Journal of Parasitology.\"  65, \"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in horses.\" 331 (1979)","DOI":"10.2307\/3280181"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. W. Al-Khalidi, S. E. Weisbrode, J. P. Dubey,  \"American Journal of Veterinary Research.\"  41, \"Pathogenicity of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts to ponies.\" 1549 (1980)","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1980.41.09.1549"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. J. Cawthorn, M. Clark, R. Hudson, et al.  \"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation.\"  2, \"Histological and ultrastructural appearance of severe Sarcocystis fayeri infection in a malnourished horse.\" 342 (1990)","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879000200418"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. P. Dubey,  \"American Journal of Veterinary Research.\"  46, \"Persistence of encysted Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of equids fed oocysts.\" 1753 (1985)","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1985.46.08.1753"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. P. R. Dubey,  Calero-Bernal, B. M. Rosenthal, et al.  \"Sarcocystosis of Animals and Humans.\"  501 (2016)","DOI":"10.1201\/b19184"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. P. Dubey, R. H. Streitel, P. C. Stromberg, et al.  \"Journal of Parasitology.\"  63, \"Sarcocystis fayeri sp. n. from the horse.\" 443 (1977)","DOI":"10.2307\/3279997"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Fayer  and J. P. Dubey  \"Journal of Parasitology.\"  68, \"Development of Sarcocystis fayeri in the equine.\" 856 (1982)","DOI":"10.2307\/3280993"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Fayer, C. Hounsel, R. C. Giles,  \"Veterinary Record.\"  113, \"Chronic illness in a Sarcocystis-infected pony.\" 216 (1983)","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.113.10.216"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. R. Herd, M. M. Sula, L. A. Starkey, et al.  \"Veterinary Pathology.\"  52, \"Sarcocystis fayeri-induced granulomatous and eosinophilic myositis in 2 related horses.\" 1191 (2015)","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815584073"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. L. Ma, Y. L. Ye, T. Wen, et al.  \"Parasite.\"  27, \"Prevalence and morphological and molecular characteristics of Sarcocystis bertrami in horses in China.\" 1 (2020)","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019078"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"T. Mullaney, A. J. Murphy, M. Kiupel, et al.  \"Veterinary Parasitology.\"  133, \"Evidence to support horses as natural intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis neurona.\" 27 (2005)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.05.016"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Murata, J. Suzuki, A. Hyuga, et al.  \"Parasite.\"  25, \"Molecular identification and characterization of Sarcocystis spp. in horsemeat and beef marketed in Japan.\" 27 (2018)","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2018026"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"W. J. A. Saville, J. P. Dubey, M. J. Oglesbee, et al.  \"Journal of Parasitology.\"  90, \"Experimental infection of ponies with Sarcocystis fayeri and differentiation from Sarcocystis neurona infections in horses.\" 1487 (2004)","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-313"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. P. Tinling, G. H. Cardinet, L. L. Blythe, et al.  \"Journal of Parasitology.\"  66, \"A light and electron microscopic study of sarcocysts in a horse.\" 458 (1980)","DOI":"10.2307\/3280748"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. Toda, J. Miyasaka, H. Osako, et al.  \"Parasitology International.\"  110, \"Molecular diversity of cox1 and LSU rDNA sequences of Sarcocystis bertrami (syn. S. fayeri) (Apicomplexa: Eucoccidiorida: Sarcocystidae) in horses.\" 103144 (2026)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103144"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. L. Traub-Dargatz, J. W. Schlipf, D. E. Granstrom, et al.  \"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.\"  205, \"Multifocal myositis associated with Sarcocystis sp. in a horse.\" 1574 (1994)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1994.205.11.1574"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"W. Zeng, L. Sun, Z. Xiang, et al.  \"Veterinary Parasitology.\"  252, \"Morphological and molecular characteristics of Sarcocystis bertrami from horses and donkeys in China.\" 89 (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.01.024"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:39:40Z","timestamp":1791232780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-parasitology\/volume-112\/issue-4\/26-30\/Muscular-Sarcocystis-Infections-in-Horses-in-North-America--Etiology\/10.1645\/26-30.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/26-30","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3395","1937-2345"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3395","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2345","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]}}}