{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T11:32:59Z","timestamp":1793446379206,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The ostrich is the largest living bird and has unique characteristics in its locomotor system that differentiate it from other bird species. The purpose of this study was to provide a reference atlas of reference-interval computed tomography (CT) and cross-sectional anatomy of the tarsometatarsal region and digits in the ostrich (Struthio camelus). The pelvic limbs of 25 ostriches were used for this imaging study. The transverse CT images were obtained from the middle third of the tarsometatarsal bone to the distal end of the third digit. The specimens were frozen and sectioned with an electric band saw at 1.5\u20132 cm intervals. The CT images were compared with the corresponding frozen cross sections. The bones, ligaments, and tendons were identified and labeled at each 1.5\u20132 cm intervals. The CT images provided anatomic details of the tendons and ligaments in the tarsometatarsal region and digits of the ostrich. The transverse CT images provided an excellent depiction of the anatomic structures of the leg and foot when compared with the corresponding frozen cross sections. The information presented in this study may be used as an initial reference when evaluating the CT images of an ostrich's tarsometatarsal region and digits. Moreover, the information provided in this report may be helpful in determining definitive diagnoses of musculoskeletal disorders affecting the lower leg in this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1647\/1082-6742-34.2.142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T02:15:43Z","timestamp":1595297743000},"page":"142-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anatomy of the Tarsometatarsal Region and Digits in the Ostrich (Struthio Camelus): A Computed Tomography and Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1647","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Nader","family":"Goodarzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Payam Razeghi","family":"Tehrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Ghaderi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1222","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NU Schaller, B Herkner, R Villa, et al.  \"J Anat.\"  214, \"The intertarsal joint of the ostrich (Struthio camelus): anatomical examination and function of passive structures in locomotion.\" 830 (2009)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2009.01083.x"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"RG. Cooper,  \"World Poult.\"  24, \"Walking and behaviors of birds kept in captivity.\" 24 (2008)"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RM Alexander, GMO Maloiy, R Njau, et al.  \"J Zool.\"  187, \"Mechanics of running in the ostrich (Struthio camelus).\" 169 (1979)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03941.x"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"J Del Hoyo, A Elliott, J Sargatal,  \"Handbook of the Birds of the World.\"  ,  (1992)"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Rubenson, DB Heliams, SK Maloney,  \"J Exp Biol.\"  210, \"Reappraisal of the comparative cost of human locomotion using gait-specific allometric analyses.\" 3513 (2007)","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.000992"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Rubenson, DG Lloyd, DB Heliams,  \"J R Soc Interface.\"  8, \"Adaptations for economical bipedal running: the effect of limb structure on three-dimensional joint mechanics.\" 740 (2011)","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2010.0466"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"C Belu, G Predol, I Dumitrescu, et al.  \"Bull Univ Agric Sci Vet Med Cluj Napoca.\"  66, \"Researches regarding the shoulder and elbow joints in ostrich (Struthio camelus).\" 7 (2009)"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KP Chadwick, S Regnault, V Allen, et al.  \"Peer J.\"  2, \"Three-dimensional anatomy of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) knee joint.\" e706 (2014)","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.706"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NC Smith, AM Wilson, KJ Jespers, et al.  \"J Anat.\"  209, \"Muscle architecture and functional anatomy of the pelvic limb of the ostrich (Struthio camelus).\" 765 (2006)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00658.x"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Walker, S Hartsfield, N Matthews,  \"Vet Radiol Ultrasound.\"  34, \"Computed tomography and blood gas analysis of anesthetized bloodhounds with induced pneumothorax.\" 93 (1993)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1993.tb01515.x"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DD Barbee  and JR Alien  \"Vet Radiol Ultrasound.\"  28, \"Computed tomography in horse: technique.\" 144 (1987)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1987.tb00043.x"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PR Peterson  and KF Bowman  \"Vet Radiol Ultrasound.\"  29, \"Computed tomographic anatomy of the distal extremity of the horse.\" 147 (1988)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1988.tb01767.x"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KL Morrow, RD Park, TL Spurgeon,  \"Vet Radiol Ultrasound.\"  41, \"Computed tomographic imaging of the equine head.\" 491 (2000)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01876.x"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RC Whitton, C Buckley, T Donovan,  \"Vet J.\"  155, \"The diagnosis of lameness associated with distal limb pathology in a horse: a comparison of radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.\" 223 (1998)","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(05)80014-0"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Arencibia, JM V\u00e1zquez, M Rivero,  \"Anat Histol Embryol.\"  29, \"Computed tomography of normal craniocephalic structures in two horses.\" 295 (2000)","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0264.2000.00278.x"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Probst, W Henninger, M Willmann,  \"Vet Radiol Ultrasound.\"  46, \"Communications of normal nasal and paranasal cavities in computed tomography of horses.\" 44 (2005)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2005.00008.x"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Vanderperren, B Ghaye, FR Snaps, et al.  \"Am J Vet Res.\"  69, \"Evaluation of computed tomographic anatomy of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint.\" 631 (2008)","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.5.631"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AR Raji, K Sardari, HR Mohammadi,  \"Anat Histol Embryol.\"  37, \"Normal cross-sectional anatomy of the bovine digit: comparison of computed tomography and limb anatomy.\" 188 (2008)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.2007.00825.x"},{"key":"19","unstructured":"H. Bahgat,  \"Benha Vet Med J.\"  18, \"Computed tomography and cross sectional anatomy of the metacarpus and digits of the small ruminants.\" 63 (2007)"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LM De Rycke, IM Gielen, SA Van Meervenne,  \"Am J Vet Res.\"  66, \"Computed tomography and cross-sectional anatomy of the brain in clinically normal dogs.\" 1743 (2005)","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.1743"},{"key":"21","unstructured":"DA Feeny, TF Fletcher, RM Hardy,  \"Atlas of Correlative Imaging Anatomy of the Normal Dog. Ultrasound and Computed Tomography.\"  ,  (1991)"},{"key":"22","unstructured":"N Ottesen  and L Moe  \"Eur J Companion Anim Pract.\"  8, \"An introduction to computed tomography (CT) in the dog.\" 29 (1998)"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Bienert  and P Stadler  \"Pferdeheilkunde Equine Med.\"  22, \"Computed tomographic examination of the locomotor apparatus of horses: a review.\" 218 (2006)","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20060218"}],"container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T11:09:22Z","timestamp":1793444962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery\/volume-34\/issue-2\/1082-6742-34.2.142\/Anatomy-of-the-Tarsometatarsal-Region-and-Digits-in-the-Ostrich\/10.1647\/1082-6742-34.2.142.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1647\/1082-6742-34.2.142","relation":{},"ISSN":["1082-6742","1938-2871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1082-6742","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]}}}