{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T11:32:59Z","timestamp":1793446379174,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"abstract":"Black kites (Milvus migrans govinda) often become injured due to kite-string injuries obtained during the International Kite Flying Festival that takes place during the celebration of Uttarayan, in Ahmedabad, India. The purpose of this study was to compare respiratory variables in ventilated and nonventilated black kites, to facilitate an evidence-based decision on whether to ventilate injured birds. A total of 56 juvenile and adult black kites of unknown sex were anesthetized and divided into a ventilated group (VG) and a nonventilated group (NVG). The variables recorded were end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, heart rate, respiratory rate, and maintenance percentage of isoflurane (%ISO). The ETCO2 values were higher in the NVG compared to the VG (72.9 \u00b1 19.8 mm Hg compared to 16.0 \u00b1 5.6 mm Hg, P < .01). The %ISO required to maintain adequate depth of anesthesia was higher in NVG compared to VG (3.5% \u00b1 0.5% compared to 2.2% \u00b1 0.4%, P < .001). Peripheral capillary oxygen saturation was not statistically different between groups (NVG 96.3% \u00b1 3.5% compared to the VG 96.0% \u00b1 5.1%, P = .867). Ventilation under anesthesia appears to lower the ETCO2 and the %ISO flow rate used to maintain a surgical plane of anesthesia. These findings should provide information that will be helpful in the anesthetic management of black kites and may apply to other avian species as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1647\/1082-6742-34.2.158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T02:15:59Z","timestamp":1595297759000},"page":"158-163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comparison of Respiratory Variables in a Wild Population of Ventilated and Nonventilated Black Kites (Milvus migrans govinda)"],"prefix":"10.1647","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Ashley","family":"Clayton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Harsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Rendle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shashikant Shivaji","family":"Jadhav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron R. G. S","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1222","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TK Kaushik and RC Gupta \"J Trop Life Sci.\" 4, \"Black kite populations are suffering declining trends in Kurukshetra and likely to experience further depletion\u2014an analysis of causes.\" 14 (2014)","DOI":"10.11594\/jtls.04.01.03"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TM Edling, LA Degernes, K Flammer, et al. \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\" 219, \"Capnographic monitoring of anesthetized African grey parrots receiving intermittent positive pressure ventilation.\" 1714 (2001)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.219.1714"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FL. Powell, \"Sturkie's Avian Physiology.\" , \"Respiration.\" 301 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407160-5.00013-0"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Touzot-Jourde, SJ Hernandez-Divers, CM Trim, \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\" 227, \"Cardiopulmonary effects of controlled versus spontaneous ventilation in pigeons anesthetized for coelioscopy.\" 1424 (2005)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.227.1424"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"K. Simpson, \"Vetronic Web site.\" , \"Ventilation in zoo animals.\" 18 (2014)"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"M. Stanford, \"Vetronic Web site. n.d.\" , \"Practical use of ventilators in avian anesthesia.\" 1 ()"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"TM. Edling, \"Clinical Avian Medicine.\" II, \"Updates in anesthesia and monitoring.\" 757 (2006)"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DE. Scott, \"Raptor Medicine, Surgery and Rehabilitation.\" , \"Anesthesia.\" 149 (2016)","DOI":"10.1079\/9781780647463.0000"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"K. Simpson, \"Ventronic Web site.\" , \"Let's talk about pulse-oximetry.\" ()"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"PM Schmitt, T G\u00f6bel, E Trautvetter, \"J Assoc Avian Vet.\" 12, \"Evaluation of pulse oximetry as a monitoring method in avian anaesthesia.\" 91 (1998)"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PT. Redig, \"Semin Avian Exotic Pet Med.\" 7, \"Recommendations for anesthesia in raptors with comments on trumpeter swans.\" 22 (1998)","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-937X(98)80054-6"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"et al. \"Ventronic Web site.\" , \"Capnography.\" ()"}],"container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T11:09:27Z","timestamp":1793444967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery\/volume-34\/issue-2\/1082-6742-34.2.158\/A-Comparison-of-Respiratory-Variables-in-a-Wild-Population-of\/10.1647\/1082-6742-34.2.158.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1647\/1082-6742-34.2.158","relation":{},"ISSN":["1082-6742","1938-2871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1082-6742","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]}}}