{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T10:35:46Z","timestamp":1793442946125,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri; hereafter SGH) is endangered in South Africa, Namibia, and Swaziland. Through a conservation program established in South Africa by the Mabula Ground Hornbill Project, wild populations are being re-established by the reintroduction of captive-reared birds. The SGH is susceptible to infection with avian avulavirus 1, which causes Newcastle disease (ND). Four different vaccines to protect against ND were administered through various vaccination schedules and evaluated by serologic monitoring to assess the efficiency and safety of various combinations of vaccines (live versus inactivated\/killed), vaccine strains (Ulster strain, live; Avivac Cellimune, live; VG\/GA strain, live; and Avivac Struvac, killed), and administration routes (intraocular versus subcutaneous versus intramuscular injection versus oral). We vaccinated 75 individuals and evaluated antibody titers in 53 individuals (24 juveniles, 13 subadults, and 16 adult SGH; 26 males and 27 females) over a period of 9 years. Antibody titers to avian avulavirus 1 in sera were monitored by a hemagglutination inhibition test. Protective titers were generated with 3\/6 vaccine regimes tested in the SGH. The highest vaccine titers were established in birds vaccinated with the Ulster strain in the conjunctiva and followed with an intramuscular Struvac injection (mean log2 titer 8.6 \u00b1 2.6) booster. Our aim was 1) to assess whether optimal vaccination protocols could be developed and 2) to then be able, by oral administration, to remove the need to recapture free-roaming, reintroduced birds to administer the initial vaccine or booster, thus remove the threat or mortality associated with ND to this endangered avian species in both captive birds and birds released back into the wild.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1647\/1082-6742-34.3.229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T00:13:10Z","timestamp":1603325590000},"page":"229-236","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immunogenicity of Newcastle Disease Vaccine in Southern Ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri)"],"prefix":"10.1647","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Katja N.","family":"Koeppel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy V.","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis H.","family":"Maartens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter N.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1222","reference":[{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PJ Miller, EL Decanini, CL Afonso,  \"Infect Genet Evol.\"  10, \"Newcastle disease: evolution of genotypes and the related diagnostic challenges.\" 26 (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.09.012"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Mayers, KL Mansfield, IH Brown,  \"Vaccine.\"  35, \"The role of vaccination in risk mitigation and control of Newcastle disease in poultry.\" 5974 (2017)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.09.008"},{"key":"1","unstructured":"MR Taylor  and LV Kemp  \"The Eskom Red Data Book of Birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland.\"  , \"Southern ground-hornbill.\" 119 (2015)"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"A. Kemp,  \"Bird Families of the World: The Hornbills Bucerotiformes.\"  , \"Southern ground hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri.\" 94 (1995)"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"AC Kemp  and MI Kemp  \"Proceedings of the 4th International Hornbill Conference: The Active Management of Hornbills and Their Habitats for Conservation.\"  , \"What proportion of southern ground hornbill nesting attempts fledge more than one chick? Data from the Kruger National Park.\" 267 (2007)"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"N Theron  and A Turner  \"Global Re-Introduction Perspectives: Re-Introduction Case-Studies from Around the Globe.\"  , \"Ten years on: a re-introduction of southern ground hornbill on Mabula Private Game Reserve in the Limpopo Province of South Africa.\" 104 (2008)"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"LV. 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(NB: Version adopted in May 2012).\"  ()"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RA Maas, M Komen, M Van Diepen,  \"Vaccine.\"  21, \"Correlation of haemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion protein content with protective antibody response after immunisation with inactivated Newcastle disease vaccines.\" 3137 (2003)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00249-4"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Timms  and DJ Alexander  \"Avian Pathol.\"  6, \"Cell-mediated immune response of chickens to Newcastle disease vaccines.\" 51 (1977)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457708418212"}],"container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T10:27:40Z","timestamp":1793442460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery\/volume-34\/issue-3\/1082-6742-34.3.229\/Immunogenicity-of-Newcastle-Disease-Vaccine-in-Southern-Ground-hornbill-Bucorvus\/10.1647\/1082-6742-34.3.229.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1647\/1082-6742-34.3.229","relation":{},"ISSN":["1082-6742","1938-2871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1082-6742","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]}}}