{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T10:33:03Z","timestamp":1793442783183,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the effects of silymarin on acetaminophen-induced acute liver and kidney toxicities in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). Standard colorimetric methods with commercial kits were used to measure the serum activities or levels of biomarkers associated with liver and kidney damage, such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, uric acid, total protein, albumin, and total cholesterol, in 21 pigeons randomly assigned into 3 groups (A, B, and C). Groups A and B were administered acetaminophen 3000 mg\/ kg PO q24h at the beginning of the experiment (hour 0). Group B pigeons were further treated with silymarin 35 mg\/kg, starting at 12 hours after acetaminophen exposure (post-AA), with the silymarin treatment continuing q12h for 3 days. Group C pigeons served as the control group and were given tap water as the placebo. Blood was collected from the pigeons at hours 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 of the experiment for serum biochemistry analyses. The results showed that treatment of group B pigeons with silymarin decreased the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, and uric acid compared with the untreated control (group A). It also prevented decreases in serum alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, and cholesterol seen in Group A. Mortality, which was 86% in the untreated control (group A), was completely prevented in group B. It was concluded that silymarin remediated the effects of acetaminophen-induced acute toxic liver and kidney injuries, which may result in pigeon mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1647\/1082-6742-34.4.348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T09:41:38Z","timestamp":1608198098000},"page":"348-357","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Effects of Silymarin on Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Hepatic and Renal Toxicities in Domestic Pigeons (Columba livia)"],"prefix":"10.1647","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"John I.","family":"Ihedioha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davinson C.","family":"Anyogu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin E.","family":"Ogbonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1222","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"et al.  \"Basic Pathology.\"  , 517 (1997)"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"R Ahsan, KM Islam, A Mussadik, et al.  \"Glob J Pharm.\"  3, \"Hepatoprotective activity of methanol extract of some medicinal plants against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats.\" 116 (2009)"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Loranger, G Demers, G Kennedy,  \"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol.\"  27, \"The pigeons (Columba livia) as a monitor for manganese contamination from motor vehicles.\" 311 (1994)","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00213165"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BM Razavi  and H Hosseinzadeh  \"Daru.\"  23, \"Saffron as an antidote or a protective agent against natural or chemical toxicities.\" 31 (2015)","DOI":"10.1186\/s40199-015-0112-y"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Rameshrad, BM Razavi, H Hosseinzadeh,  \"Food Chem Toxicol.\"  100, \"Protective effects of green tea and its main constituents against natural and chemical toxins: a comprehensive review.\" 115 (2017)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.11.035"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Dorri, S Hashemitabar, H Hosseinzadeh,  \"Drug Chem Toxicol.\"  41, \"Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) as an antidote or a protective agent against natural or chemical toxicities: a review.\" 338 (2018)","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2017.1417995"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Federico, M Dallio, C Loguercio,  \"Molecules.\"  24, \"Silymarin\/ silybin and chronic liver disease: a marriage of many years.\" 191 (2017)","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22020191"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PF. 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