{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:32:04Z","timestamp":1793421124725,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrophoresis is a useful diagnostic tool for detecting inflammation, including inflammation associated with infectious diseases (eg, aspergillosis in penguins). To our knowledge, reference intervals are not available for plasma proteins via electrophoresis in Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti). Therefore, preliminary reference intervals for blood plasma proteins measured by capillary zone electrophoresis were calculated for Humboldt penguins from a single zoological collection, and possible differences between the sexes and the ages of the birds were evaluated. Lithium heparinized plasma samples from 39 Humboldt penguins were analyzed. The following sex- and age-independent reference intervals were calculated: total protein 33.8\u201370.4 g\/L, prealbumin 1.9\u20134.9 g\/L, albumin 12.9\u201331.1 g\/L, albumin: globulin ratio 0.7\u20131.7, \u03b1-globulins 4.5\u201311.6 g\/L, \u03b2-globulins 5.6\u201320.6 g\/L, and \u03b3-globulins 2.6\u20138.4 g\/L. Male penguins had a significantly (P = 0.047) higher albumin: globulin ratio and lower percentage of \u03b2-globulins (P = 0.015) in comparison with female penguins. Prealbumin (g\/L) significantly (P = 0.021) decreased with increased age of the penguins. These results showed some differences between the sexes and ages of the penguins, which should be considered when interpreting the results. Further studies are needed to determine whether differences in other age groups or seasons exist, and also to evaluate which infectious diseases affect plasma proteins and how the reference values calculated here may deviate in ill penguins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1647\/avianms-d-23-00034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T05:01:55Z","timestamp":1715058115000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Capillary Zone Electrophoresis in Humboldt Penguins (Spheniscus humboldti)"],"prefix":"10.1647","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Christoph","family":"Leineweber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maike","family":"L\u00fccht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Gohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanspeter W.","family":"Steinmetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Marschang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1222","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Cray, A Wack, KL Arheart,  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  25, \"Invalid measurement of plasma albumin using bromocresol green methodology in penguins (Spheniscus species).\" 14 (2011)","DOI":"10.1647\/2010-004.1"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Geffr\u00e9, D Concordet, JP Braun,  \"Vet Clin Pathol.\"  40, \"Reference Value Advisor: a new freeware set of macroinstructions to calculate reference intervals with Microsoft Excel.\" 107 (2011)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2011.00287.x"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KR Friedrichs, KE Harr, KP Freeman,  \"Vet Clin Pathol.\"  41, \"ASVCP reference interval guidelines: determination of de novo reference intervals in veterinary species and other related topics.\" 441 (2012)","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12006"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KW Delk, RF Wack, A Burgdorf-Moisuk,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  46, \"Acute phase protein and electrophoresis protein fraction values for captive American flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber).\" 929 (2015)","DOI":"10.1638\/2014-0191.1"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Desoubeaux, M Rodriquez, E Bronson,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  49, \"Application of 3-hydroxybutyrate measurement and plasma protein electrophoresis in the diagnosis of aspergillosis in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus).\" 696 (2018)","DOI":"10.1638\/2017-0172.1"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Fischer, L Van Waeyenberghe, C Cray,  \"Avian Dis.\"  58, \"Comparison of diagnostic tools for the detection of aspergillosis in blood samples of experimentally infected falcons.\" 587 (2014)","DOI":"10.1637\/10831-032714-Reg"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AD Naylor, SJ Girling, D Brown,  \"Vet Clin Pathol.\"  46, \"Plasma protein electrophoresis as a prognostic indicator in Aspergillus species-infected Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua papua).\" 605 (2017)","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12527"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LM Tatum, J Zaias, BK Mealey,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  31, \"Protein electrophoresis as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in raptor medicine.\" 497 (2000)","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2000)031[0497:PEAADA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y Roman, M-C Bomsel-Demontoy, J Levrier,  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  27, \"Plasma protein electrophoresis in birds: comparison of a semiautomated agarose gel system with an automated capillary system.\" 99 (2013)","DOI":"10.1647\/2011-040"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Cray, T Watson, KL Arheart,  \"Avian Dis.\"  53, \"Serosurvey and diagnostic application of antibody titers to Aspergillus in avian species.\" 491 (2009)","DOI":"10.1637\/8673-030209-Reg.1"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Cray, T Watson, M Rodriquez,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  40, \"Application of galactomannan analysis and protein electrophoresis in the diagnosis of aspergillosis in avian species.\" 64 (2009)","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0138.1"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Cray, D Reavill, A Romagnano,  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  23, \"Galactomannan assay and plasma protein electrophoresis findings in psittacine birds with aspergillosis.\" 125 (2009)","DOI":"10.1647\/2007-041.1"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C H\u00f6gemann, R Richter, R Korbel,  \"Avian Pathol.\"  46, \"Plasma protein, haematologic and blood chemistry changes in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) experimentally infected with bornavirus.\" 556 (2017)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2017.1325442"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AO Valdivia, KJ Ortega, SK Bhattacharya,  \"ACS Omega.\"  5, \"Capillary electrophoresis assessment of plasma protein changes in an African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) with aspergillosis.\" 33280 (2020)","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c04983"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Flo, ME L\u0275seth, C Sonne,  \"BMC Vet Res.\"  15, \"Plasma protein fractions in free-living white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) nestlings from Norway.\" 290 (2019)","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2022-6"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. e. T22697817A182714418.\"  \"Spheniscus humboldti.\" (2020)","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697817A182714418.en"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Leineweber, M L\u00fccht, C Gohl,  \"Animals.\"  13, \"Clinical chemistry and haematology values of a captive population of Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti).\" 3570 (2023)","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13223570"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EA Koutsos  and KC Klasing  \"Avian Immunology.\"  \"Factors modulating the avian immune system.\" 299 (2014)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-396965-1.00017-0"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S H\u00e4rtle, KE Magor, TW G\u00f6bel,  \"Avian Immunology.\"  \"Structure and evolution of avian immunoglobulins.\" 103 (2014)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-396965-1.00006-6"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Leineweber, C Gohl, M L\u00fccht,  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  35, \"Comparison of capillary zone electrophoresis in greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) and American flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber).\" 180 (2021)","DOI":"10.1647\/19-00021"}],"container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:21:00Z","timestamp":1793420460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery\/volume-38\/issue-1\/AVIANMS-D-23-00034\/Capillary-Zone-Electrophoresis-in-Humboldt-Penguins-Spheniscus-humboldti\/10.1647\/AVIANMS-D-23-00034.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1647\/avianms-d-23-00034","relation":{},"ISSN":["1082-6742","1938-2871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1082-6742","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]}}}