{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:49:36Z","timestamp":1793728176596,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Viscoelastic testing evaluates the formation and lysis of a clot over time, allowing more complete assessment of patient hemostasis in real time, whereas traditional tests, such as prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time, only measure coagulation factor function. Patient-side viscoelastic coagulation monitors are easy to use, portable, and provide faster turnaround time than commercial laboratories. Viscoelastic testing requires only 0.2 mL of blood and is useful in diagnosing and treating hemostatic disorders. Currently, there is no standardized coagulation testing method across bird species. In this cross-sectional study, a viscoelastic coagulation device, the Entegrion Viscoelastic Coagulation Monitor-Vet (VCM-Vet), was evaluated. Blood samples were obtained from 26 Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (HAPs) (Amazona ventralis) under manual restraint. Results were recorded on the device as graphical output with quantitative viscoelastic measurements. Results were reported using standard rotational thromboelastometry terminology, including clotting time, clot formation time, alpha angle, maximum clot firmness, clot firmness amplitude at 10 and 20 minutes after clot formation, and clot lysis at 30 and 45 minutes. The median clotting time was 463 seconds (reference interval: 56\u20131635 seconds), the mean clot formation time was 704.7 seconds (reference interval: 172\u20131697 seconds), the mean alpha angle was 27.3 (reference interval: 7\u201360), and the mean maximum clot firmness was 15.4 (reference interval: 7\u201325). Statistical analysis found that all parameters were normally distributed aside from clotting time in seconds. There was no appreciable breakdown of the clot during the 60-minute device runtime, and there was no significant difference in any parameter based on sex. The VCM-Vet produced clotting times for this population of HAPs and enabled the creation of reference intervals. Based on our findings, the VCM-Vet can be used to assess clot potential in HAPs and possibly other avian species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1647\/avianms-d-23-00050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T05:39:58Z","timestamp":1736141998000},"page":"188-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of a Point-of-Care-Viscoelastic Coagulation Device in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (Amazona ventralis)"],"prefix":"10.1647","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Laken","family":"Russell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas N.","family":"Tully","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Ryan","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1222","reference":[{"key":"27","unstructured":"CH Bigland  and RM Starr  \"Can Vet J.\"  6, \"Comparison of simple blood coagulation tests in birds.\" 233 (1965)"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JK Morrisey, J Paul-Murphy, JP Fialkowski,  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  17, \"Estimation of prothrombin times of Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis) and umbrella cockatoos (Cacatua alba).\" 72 (2003)","DOI":"10.1647\/2001-045"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Gardhouse, D Eshar, H Beaufrere,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  47, \"Coagulation parameters in the American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber).\" 463 (2016)","DOI":"10.1638\/2014-0081.1"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CI Rodenbaugh, SD Lyon, AS Hanzlicek,  \"Am J Vet Res.\"  80, \"Dynamic viscoelastic coagulometry of blood obtained from healthy chickens.\" 441 (2019)","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.5.441"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BA Rattner, KE Horak, SE Warner,  \"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.\"  73, \"Acute toxicity of diphacinone in northern bobwhite: effects on survival and blood clotting.\" 1159 (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2010.05.021"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BA Rattner, KE Horak, SE Warner,  \"Environ Toxicol Chem.\"  30, \"Acute toxicity, histopathology, and coagulopathy in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following administration of the rodenticide diphacinone.\" 1213 (2011)","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.490"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KR Friedrichs, KE Harr, KP Freeman,  \"Vet Clin Pathol.\"  41, \"ASVCP reference interval guidelines: determination of de novo reference intervals in veterinary species and other related topics.\" 441 (2012)","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12006"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H Pendl  and I Tizard  \"Current Therapy in Avian Medicine and Surgery.\"  \"Immunology.\" 400 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-4671-2.00020-3"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CE Hyatt  and BM Brainard  \"Top Companion Anim Med.\"  31, \"Point of care assessment of coagulation.\" 11 (2016)","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2016.05.002"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y Buriko, K Drobatz, DC. 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Reems  \"J Vet Emerg Crit Care.\"  2024, \"Point-of-care viscoelastic coagulation monitor parameters in Amazon parrots (Amazona spp.).\" 1","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13386"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MT Ganter  and CK Hofer  \"Anesth Analg.\"  106, \"Coagulation monitoring: current techniques and clinical use of viscoelastic point-of-care coagulation devices.\" 1366 (2008)","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318168b367"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CO. Cummings, J Eisenbarth, A. Delaforcade,  \"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract.\"  25, \"Viscoelastic coagulation testing in exotic animals.\" 597 (2022)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2022.06.001"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KA Keller, DS Guzman, MJ Acierno,  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  29, \"Thromboelastography values in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis): a pilot study.\" 174 (2015)","DOI":"10.1647\/2014-018"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Strindberg, TW Nielson, AM Ribeiro,  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  29, \"Thromboelastography in selected avian species.\" 282 (2015)","DOI":"10.1647\/2014-034"},{"key":"43","unstructured":"\"About the VCM-Vet.\""},{"key":"44","unstructured":"\"VCM-Vet operator's manual.\""},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Fudge, B Page, A Mackrell,  \"J Feline Med Surg.\"  23, \"Blood loss and coagulation profile in pregnant and non-pregnant queens undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy.\" 487 (2021)","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X20959610"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Rosati, KE Jandrey, JW Burges,  \"Vet Clin Pathol.\"  49, \"Establishment of a reference interval for a novel viscoelastic coagulometer and comparison with thromboelastography in healthy cats.\" 660 (2020)","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12916"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RR Rigor, LM Schutzman, JM Galante,  \"Acta Haematol.\"  144, \"Viscoelastic coagulation monitor (VCMvet) reference intervals and sex differences in mature adult mice.\" 633 (2021)","DOI":"10.1159\/000516587"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RC Bishop, AM Kemper, JW Burges,  \"J Vet Emerg Crit Care.\"  33, \"Preliminary evaluation of reference intervals for a point-of-care viscoelastic coagulation monitor (VCM Vet) in healthy adult horses.\" 540 (2023)","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13317"},{"key":"51","unstructured":"CO Cummings, JM Eisenbarth, J Graham,  \"Proc International Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Symposium.\"  2022, \"Evaluation of viscoelastic coagulation assays in chickens (Gallus gallus).\" S14"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EE Brenner, AB Alexander, LA Londono,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  55, \"Use of viscoelastic coagulation testing in Megachiroptera (Pteropus hypomelanus and Pteropus vampyrus) reveals high variability in clot kinetics.\" 393 (2024)","DOI":"10.1638\/2023-0037"},{"key":"54","unstructured":"GL Horowitz, S Altaie, JC Boyd,  \"Defining, establishing, and verifying reference intervals in the clinical laboratory; approved guidelines.\"  28, (2008)"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MJ Rohrer  and AM Natale  \"Crit Care Med.\"  20, \"Effect of hypothermia on the coagulation cascade.\" 1402 (1992)","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199210000-00007"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Rundgren  and M Engstrom  \"Anesth Analges.\"  107, \"A thromboelastic evaluation of the effects of hypothermia on the coagulation system.\" 1465 (2008)","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e31817ee955"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MB Ponczek, D Gailani, RF Doolittle,  \"J Thromb Haemost.\"  6, \"Evolution of the contact phase of vertebrate blood coagulation.\" 1876 (2008)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.03143.x"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA McMichael  and SA Smith  \"Vet Clin Pathol.\"  40, \"Viscoelastic coagulation testing: technology, applications, and limitations.\" 140 (2011)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2011.00302.x"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Hindmarch, BA Rattner, JE Elliot,  \"Sci Total Environ.\"  657, \"Use of blood clotting assays to assess potential anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and effects in free-ranging birds of prey.\" 1205 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.485"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Fudge, KS Cano, B Page,  \"J Feline Med Surg.\"  23, \"Comparison of viscoelastic test results from blood collected near simultaneously from the jugular and saphenous veins in cats.\" 598 (2021)","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X20959612"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Nevill,  \"J Exot Pet Med.\"  18, \"Diagnosis of nontraumatic blood loss in birds and reptiles.\" 140 (2009)","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2009.04.011"}],"container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:41:21Z","timestamp":1791243681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery\/volume-38\/issue-4\/AVIANMS-D-23-00050\/Evaluation-of-a-Point-of-Care-Viscoelastic-Coagulation-Device-in\/10.1647\/AVIANMS-D-23-00050.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1647\/avianms-d-23-00050","relation":{},"ISSN":["1082-6742","1938-2871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1082-6742","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]}}}