{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:53:12Z","timestamp":1791244392869,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In cases in which vision cannot be restored and the eye is a source of pain, removal of the eye may be indicated. In mammals, enucleation is the most common procedure performed; however, due to the distinct anatomical features of the avian eye, evisceration may be the preferred method in these species. The large globe size and rigid sclera leave the bird with a large sunken eye socket, which may cause the bird to become unbalanced and is not cosmetically appealing. Furthermore, birds have short optic nerves that can be injured due to traction and a thin interorbital septum that can be damaged during surgery. Evisceration reduces these risks and is typically done within a shorter anesthetic time. This case series reports the successful use of a modified evisceration technique in 4 pet psittacine birds: a red-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksia) diagnosed with severe fungal keratitis and anterior uveitis based on histopathology, a galah (Eolophus roseicapilla) with a traumatic injury resulting in a ruptured globe, a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) diagnosed with a cataract and secondary glaucoma, and a green cheek conure (Pyrrhura molinae) diagnosed with anterior lens luxation and suspected endophthalmitis. Each bird underwent a modified evisceration surgery because the eyes were nonvisual and painful and had a grave prognosis for recovery. All 4 birds recovered uneventfully without complications and have remained stable for between 2.5 and 4.5 years postoperatively. This report demonstrates that the modified evisceration technique is safe and achievable in psittacine patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1647\/avianms-d-24-00012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T05:18:21Z","timestamp":1741065501000},"page":"31-38","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evisceration as an Alternative to Enucleation in Four Pet Psittacine Birds"],"prefix":"10.1647","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Berry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izidora","family":"Sladakovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1222","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LP Kane, KA Keller, EM Salpeter,  \"J Exot Pet Med.\"  39, \"Ophthalmic diagnostic tests and ocular findings in healthy adult cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus).\" 17 (2021)","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2021.05.009"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Jabs, RB Nussenblatt, JT Rosenbaum,  \"Am J Ophthalmol.\"  140, \"Standardization of uveitis nomenclature (SUN) Working Group. 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Doneley,  \"Avian Medicine and Surgery in Practice Companion and Aviary Birds.\"  \"Surgery.\" 398 (2016)","DOI":"10.1201\/b19656"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"TW. Fossum,  \"Small Animal Surgery.\"  \"Surgery of the eye.\" 289 (2013)"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JAT Pigatto, EVB de Vargas, M Torikachvili,  \"Acta Scientiae Veterinariae.\"  49, \"Modified eye evisceration in a tropical screech owl (Megascops choliba).\" 1 (2021)","DOI":"10.22456\/1679-9216.112422"},{"key":"11","unstructured":"JE Graham, LD Robert, SA McLaughlin,  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  13, \"Implantation of an intraocular silicone prosthesis in a great horned owl (Bubo virginianus).\" 98 (1999)"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BJ. Holmberg,  \"Ophthalmology of exotic pets. Slatter's Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology.\"  427 (2008)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-072160561-6.50023-X"},{"key":"13","unstructured":"D. Williams,  \"Avian Medicine: Principles and Applications.\"  \"Ophthalmology.\" 673 (1994)"},{"key":"14","unstructured":"MA Willis  and DA Wilkie  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  13, \"Avian ophthalmology part 1: anatomy, examination, and diagnostic techniques.\" 160 (1999)"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"SA Pot, K Voelter, PR Kircher,  \"Veterinary Ophthalmology.\"  \"Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Orbit.\" 879 (2021)"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CM Rogers, A Blue-McLendon, EM Scott,  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  34, \"Self-limiting orbital emphysema following ocular evisceration and demonstration of nasolacrimal-oropharyngeal communication in a South African ostrich (Struthio camelus australis).\" 396 (2020)","DOI":"10.1647\/1082-6742-34.4.396"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Hiebert, C Mans, S Eaton,  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  261, \"Subconjunctival enucleation with or without third eyelid removal may present a viable enucleation technique in rabbits: 18 cases (2014-2022).\" 1368 (2023)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.04.0207"},{"key":"19","unstructured":"EP. Stibbe,  \"J Anat.\"  62, \"A comparative study of the nictitating membrane of birds and mammals.\" 159 (1928)"},{"key":"20","unstructured":"HJ Featherstone  and CL Heinrich  \"Veterinary Ophthalmology.\"  \"Ophthalmic examination and diagnostics Part 1: the eye examination and diagnostic procedures.\" 564 (2021)"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Murray, S Pizzirani, F Tseng,  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  27, \"A technique for evisceration as an alternative to enucleation in birds of prey: 19 cases.\" 120 (2013)","DOI":"10.1647\/2012-007"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DD Dees, AM Knollinger, NE MacLaren,  \"Vet Ophthalmol.\"  14, \"Modified evisceration technique in a golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos).\" 341 (2011)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2011.00909.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:01:54Z","timestamp":1791241314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery\/volume-39\/issue-1\/AVIANMS-D-24-00012\/Evisceration-as-an-Alternative-to-Enucleation-in-Four-Pet-Psittacine\/10.1647\/AVIANMS-D-24-00012.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1647\/avianms-d-24-00012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1082-6742","1938-2871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1082-6742","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]}}}