{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:52:30Z","timestamp":1791240750173,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Euthanasia is a common veterinary medical procedure performed on terminally ill backyard chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). To reduce stress for these animals, it is important to develop a euthanasia protocol that provides a rapid and humane death. For this prospective research investigation, we evaluated 2 different methods of euthanasia in chickens. Twenty-two adult female leghorn chickens were administered an intravenous (IV, n = 11) or oral transmucosal (OTM, n = 11) 602 mg\/kg dose of pentobarbital sodium solution for humane euthanasia. Loss of consciousness (LOC) occurred in 95.4% (21\/22) of the birds within 5 minutes. Both apnea and asystole were achieved in 100% (11\/11) of the birds in the IV group and 54.5% (6\/11) of the birds in the OTM group after 5 minutes; 45.5% (5\/11) of the chickens in the OTM group had to be rescued. Birds administered the euthanasia solution IV were found to have faster times to LOC (Mann-Whitney U [MW]=110.5, P &lt; 0.001), asystole (MW: 121, P &lt; 0.001), and apnea (MW: 121, P &lt; 0.001) compared with the OTM chickens. Overall, the OTM route for administering pentobarbital sodium in chickens resulted in a reliable LOC in all but 1 bird; however, it did not result in apnea and asystole for all birds within 5 minutes. Based on the results of this study, the OTM administration of pentobarbital sodium is not a reliable method to euthanize chickens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1647\/avianms-d-24-00022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T03:45:52Z","timestamp":1757389552000},"page":"132-138","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comparison of Intravenous and Oral Transmucosal Administration of Pentobarbital Sodium for Humane Euthanasia in White Leghorn Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)"],"prefix":"10.1647","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Aiden","family":"Masri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas N.","family":"Tully","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Como","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montana","family":"Oubre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1222","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"\"AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals.\""},{"key":"2","unstructured":"DC. Plumb,  \"Plumbs Veterinary Drug Handbook.\"  (2008)"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JK. Lam,  \"Adv Drug Deliv Rev.\"  160, \"Transmucosal drug administration as an alternative route in palliative and end-of-life care during the COVID-19 pandemic.\" (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.10.018"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MJ Sadar, HK Knych, TL Drazenovich,  \"Am J Vet Res.\"  79, \"Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine after intravenous and oral transmucosal administration in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus).\" 260 (2018)","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.3.260"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SA. 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Hernandez,  \"Front Vet Sci.\"  6, \"Evaluation of brain death in laying hens during on-farm killing by cervical dislocation methods or pentobarbital sodium injection.\" (2019)","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00297"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Hernandez,  \"BMC Vet Res.\"  15, \"Electroencephalographic, physiologic and behavioural responses during cervical dislocation euthanasia in turkeys.\" 132 (2019)","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1885-x"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Sandercock,  Auckburally, D Flaherty,  \"Physiol Behav.\"  133, \"Avian reflex and electroencephalogram responses in different states of consciousness.\" 252 (2014)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.05.030"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Cooney,  \"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract.\"  50, \"Common and alternative routes of euthanasia solution administration.\" 545 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.12.005"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JN Reimer, CJ Schuster, CG Knight,  \"PLoS ONE.\"  2020, \"Intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital has the potential to elicit pain in adult rats (Rattus norvegicus)\" 15","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238123"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CA Laferriere, VS Leung, DS Pang,  \"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci.\"  59, \"Evaluating intrahepatic and intraperitoneal pentobarbital sodium or euthanol for mouse euthanasia.\" 264 (2020)","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000097"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"ES Dudley  and GP Boivin  \"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci.\"  57, \"Evaluation of a commercially available euthanasia solution as a voluntarily ingested euthanasia agent in laboratory mice.\" 30 (2018)"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Brz\u00f3ska, B \u015aliwi, O Michalik-Rutkowska,  \"Ann Anim Sci.\"  15, \"The effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) on growth performance, mortality rate, meat and blood parameters in broilers.\" 961 (2015)","DOI":"10.1515\/aoas-2015-0052"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Varmaghany,  \"Poult Sci.\"  94, \"The effects of increasing levels of dietary garlic bulb on growth performance, systolic blood pressure, hematology, and ascites syndrome in broiler chickens.\" 1812 (2015)","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev148"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Bullock, TM Lanaux, JW Shmalberg,  \"J Vet Emerg Crit Care.\"  29, \"Comparison of pentobarbital-phenytoin alone vs propofol prior to pentobarbital-phenytoin for euthanasia in 436 client-owned dogs.\" 161 (2019)","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12813"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Buhl, LF Anderson, M Karlsh\u00f8j,  \"Vet J.\"  196, \"Evaluation of clinical and electrocardiographic changes during the euthanasia of horses.\" 3 (2013)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.11.016"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Aleman, DC Williams, A Guedes,  \"J Vet Intern Med.\"  29, \"Cerebral and brainstem electrophysiologic activity during euthanasia with pentobarbital sodium in horses.\" 2 (2015)","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12570"}],"container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:06:29Z","timestamp":1791237989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery\/volume-39\/issue-3\/AVIANMS-D-24-00022\/A-Comparison-of-Intravenous-and-Oral-Transmucosal-Administration-of-Pentobarbital\/10.1647\/AVIANMS-D-24-00022.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1647\/avianms-d-24-00022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1082-6742","1938-2871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1082-6742","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]}}}