{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:56:02Z","timestamp":1791237362204,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Avian orthopedic disorders are common but can be challenging to diagnose. Radiographic examination and, to a lesser extent, computed tomography are the main diagnostic techniques used to assess avian orthopedic problems, whereas sonography is rarely applied. The objective of this study was to determine whether B-mode ultrasonography could be used to noninvasively evaluate the pectoral region and peripheral skeleton of 17 live feral pigeons (Columba livia f. dom.) (body weight: 270 \u00b1 34.5 g) presented for clinical examination. The ultrasound examination (General Electric \u2265 LOGIQ S7 Expert, GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) was performed using a GE L8-18I-D \u201chockey stick\u201d transducer with an 8\u201318 MHz frequency range (AME Ultrasound, Suffern, NY, USA). The results of the pigeon ultrasound examinations provided clinical data regarding the bone cortex and surrounding soft tissues of the pectoral region, shoulder girdle, wing, and leg. The overall long bone thickness, total cortical bone thickness, and clavicle thickness of each bird were measured using radiography and B-mode sonography to determine the statistical concordance between these diagnostic methods using the Lin concordance correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plots. Fisher z-transformation was used to calculate 95% confidence intervals and standardize P values for each connection. The agreement analysis revealed a significant positive concordance between radiographic and ultrasound measurements for overall long bone thickness (Lin concordance correlation coefficient = 0.655, 95% CI: 0.520-0.758, P &lt; 0.001); no other comparisons were significant. This study provides evidence that B-mode ultrasonography can qualitatively assess pigeons' musculoskeletal systems, notably in the pectoral area and proximal limbs. This technique can also be used to acquire measurements of the structures thicker than 0.2 cm, which may be used for osteosynthesis planning or monitoring neoplastic conditions posttreatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1647\/avianms-d-24-00050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T17:34:51Z","timestamp":1773164091000},"page":"56-66","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Musculoskeletal Ultrasonography in Normal Feral Pigeons (Columba livia F. dom.)"],"prefix":"10.1647","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Korshunova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Orosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Kirsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Elisabeth","family":"Krautwald-Junghanns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1222","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. 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Vilaplana Grosso,  \"Veterinary Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract.\"  22, \"Orthopedic diagnostic imaging in exotic pets.\" 149 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2019.01.003"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Williams,  \"Veterinary Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract.\"  5, \"Orthopedic radiography in exotic animal practice.\" 1 (2002)","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-9194(03)00043-4"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Visser, AM Hespel, M de Swarte,  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  247, \"Use of a caudoventral-craniodorsal oblique radiographic view made at 45\u00b0 to the frontal plane to evaluate the pectoral girdle in raptors.\" 1037 (2015)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.9.1037"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Meikle  and CN Stephan  \"J Forensic Sci.\"  65, \"B-mode ultrasound measurement of facial soft tissue thickness for craniofacial identification: a standardized approach.\" 939 (2020)","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14230"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I Frank, F Duerr, B Zanghi,  \"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol.\"  32, \"Diagnostic ultrasound detection of changes in femoral muscle mass recovery after tibial plateau levelling osteotomy in dogs.\" 394 (2019)","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1688985"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Chew, KJ Stevens, TG Wang,  \"Am J Phys Med Rehabil.\"  87, \"Introduction to diagnostic musculoskeletal ultrasound: part 2: examination of the lower limb.\" 238 (2008)","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31816198c2"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JK Mah  and N van Alfen  \"Can J Neurol Sci.\"  45, \"Neuromuscular ultrasound: clinical applications and diagnostic values.\" 605 (2018)","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2018.314"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SA Tabozzi, G Stancari, E Zucca,  \"BMC Vet Res.\"  17, \"Variation of skeletal muscle ultrasound imaging intensity in horses after treadmill exercise: a proof of concept for glycogen content estimation.\" 121 (2021)","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02818-9"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AM Zaw, R Shangguan, Y Yao,  \"Methods Mol Biol.\"  2375, \"Vascular imaging in small animals using clinical ultrasound scanners.\" 191 (2022)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1708-3_16"},{"key":"22","unstructured":"J Chitty  and M Lierz  \"BSAVA Manual of Raptors, Pigeons and Passerine Birds.\"  (2008)"},{"key":"23","unstructured":"EF Kaleta  and ME Krautwald-Junghanns  \"Kompendium der Ziervogelkrankheiten.\"  (2011)"},{"key":"24","unstructured":"A Signorell, K Aho, A Alfons,  \"DescTools: Tools for Descriptive Statistics. 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Akoglu,  \"Turk J Emerg Med.\"  18, \"User's guide to correlation coefficients.\" 91 (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.08.001"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Jim\u00e9nez-D\u00edaz, I Jimena, E Luque,  \"Muscle Nerve.\"  45, \"Experimental muscle injury: correlation between ultrasound and histological findings.\" 705 (2012)","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23243"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Naredo, JP Medina, S P\u00e9rez-Baos,  \"Ultrasound Med Biol.\"  44, \"Validation of musculoskeletal ultrasound in the assessment of experimental gut synovitis.\" 1516 (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.03.018"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Cubo  and A Casinos  \"Zool J Linn Soc.\"  130, \"Incidence and mechanical significance of pneumatization in the long bones of birds.\" 499 (2000)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2000.tb02198.x"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HL Lew, CPC Chen, TG Wang,  \"Am J Phys Med Rehabil.\"  86, \"Introduction to musculoskeletal diagnostic ultrasound: examination of the upper limb.\" 310 (2007)","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31803839ac"},{"key":"30","unstructured":"AS King  and J McLelland  \"Form and Function in Birds.\"  (1985)"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TF. 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