{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:32:57Z","timestamp":1793424777314,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An approximately 6-month-old domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) was presented for lethargy and an inability to perform its first molt. The pigeon was obese, had anatomical characteristics of a chick, including cere and plumage, and had a ventral coelomic soft tissue mass. Initial blood work was unremarkable. A computed tomographic scan confirmed excessive fat deposition in the coelom and a mass adherent to the liver. A fine-needle aspirate of the mass indicated fat accumulation. A thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test was planned for this pigeon and 3 presumed euthyroid pigeons. Each pigeon was administered 80 \u00b5g (\u223c230 \u00b5g\/kg) of recombinant human TSH. Blood was drawn at time 0 and 3 and 6 hours after administration of recombinant human TSH. Plasma total thyroxine (TT4) was measured in duplicate with an in-house analyzer and a reference laboratory. After recombinant human TSH administration, healthy pigeons showed a 4- to 21-fold increase in TT4, whereas the hypothyroid pigeon had all values &lt;0.12 \u00b5g\/dL. The pigeon was prescribed 20 \u00b5g of compounded levothyroxine twice daily. In the following months, the pigeon molted and developed adult features. The ventral coelomic soft tissue mass disappeared and repeated computed tomography scans showed a decreased amount of body fat and a reduction in the size of the coelomic mass. Levothyroxine was further adjusted multiple times according to additional TT4 testing to a dose of 2.5 \u00b5g once daily. The pigeon has been under treatment with levothyroxine for more than 2 years. Here we present the first reported case of confirmed hypothyroidism in a pigeon. Diagnosis with a TSH stimulation test was unequivocal, even when only considering the results of the in-house analyzer. Levothyroxine treatment resolved clinical signs and could be titrated to an appropriate dose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1647\/avms-d-22-00064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T03:04:22Z","timestamp":1699585462000},"page":"282-287","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diagnosis and Long-term Treatment of Suspected Congenital Hypothyroidism in a Pigeon (Columba livia domestica)"],"prefix":"10.1647","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Nicola Di","family":"Girolamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelsea","family":"Studer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Kanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Fracassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kellie","family":"Fecteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1222","reference":[{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BL. Oglesbee,  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  201, \"Hypothyroidism in a scarlet macaw.\" 1599 (1992)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1992.201.10.1599"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RE Schmidt  and DR Reavill  \"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract.\"  11, \"The avian thyroid gland.\" 15 (2008)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2007.09.008"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DSM Guzman, H Beaufrere, KR Welle,  \"Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary.\"  2023, \"Birds.\" 222","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-83392-9.00005-8"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RK. Cole,  \"Genetics.\"  53, \"Hereditary hypothyroidism in the domestic fowl.\" 1021 (1966)","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/53.6.1021"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"CB. Greenacre,  \"Proc Euro Assoc Avian Vet.\"  \"Thyrogen for use in TSH testing of healthy and suspected hypothyroid parrots.\" 125 (2009)"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Rae,  \"Semin Avian Exot Pet Med.\"  4, \"Endocrine disease in pet birds.\" 32 (1995)","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-937X(05)80007-6"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"WJ Rosskopf  and RS Woerpel  \"Vet Med Sm Anim Clin.\"  78, \"Remission of lipomatous growths in a hypothyroid budgerigar in response to L-thyroxine therapy.\" 1415 (1983)"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WF Hollander  and O Riddle  \"Poult Sci.\"  25, \"Goiter in domestic pigeons.\" 20 (1946)","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0250020"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"CT. Mooney,  \"Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine.\"  \"Canine hypothyroidism.\" 1731 (2017)"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MT. McDermott,  \"Ann Intern Med.\"  173, \"Hypothyroidism.\" ITC1 (2020)","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202007070"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MW Szkudlinski, V Fremont, C Ronin,  \"Physiol Rev.\"  82, \"Thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor structure-function relationships.\" 473 (2002)","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2001"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JT Lumeij  and I Westerhof  \"Avian Pathol.\"  17, \"Clinical evaluation of thyroid function in racing pigeons (Columba livia domestica).\" 63 (1988)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079458808436428"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CD Lothrop, MR Loomis, JH Olsen,  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  186, \"Thyrotropin stimulation test for evaluation of thyroid function in psittacine birds.\" 47 (1985)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1985.186.01.47"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RD Zenoble, RJ Kemppainen, DW Young,  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  187, \"Endocrine responses of healthy parrots to ACTH and thyroid stimulating hormone.\" 1116 (1985)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1985.187.11.1116"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"CB Greenacre, J Olsen, GH Wilson,  \"Proc Ann Conf Assoc Avian Vet.\"  \"Thyroid gland function testing with human synthetic TSH.\" 13 (2002)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:08:38Z","timestamp":1793423318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery\/volume-37\/issue-3\/AVMS-D-22-00064\/Diagnosis-and-Long-term-Treatment-of-Suspected-Congenital-Hypothyroidism-in\/10.1647\/AVMS-D-22-00064.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1647\/avms-d-22-00064","relation":{},"ISSN":["1082-6742","1938-2871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1082-6742","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]}}}