{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:32:57Z","timestamp":1793424777021,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"abstract":"A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed to measure the prevalence of avian intertarsal inflammation over a 5-year period, identify risk factors, and discuss treatment options. The authors hypothesized that: 1) long-legged birds would be more affected, 2) participation in a bird show would be a significant risk factor, and 3) young animals would be more frequently affected. Thirty-five clinical cases from 9 avian orders were included in the study. Statistical analysis indicated that the orders Ciconiiformes (9\/150; 6%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.2\u201311), Gruiformes (4\/132; 3%, 95% CI: 1.2\u20137.5), and Pelecaniformes (7\/152; 2.8%, 95% CI: 1.4\u20135.6) were significantly more affected than other orders (P < 0.01). Similarly, long-legged birds (21\/35) had 9.8 times greater chance (P < 0.001, 95% CI: 4.7\u201321) of developing the condition compared with other birds. Participation in a free-flight show (22\/35) was a significant risk factor (P < 0.001; odds ratio: 7.0, 95% CI: 3.3\u201315). Mean age at onset of clinical signs was 5.7 years, and being < 2 years-of-age during the study period was not a significant predictor of disease (P = 0.054). The tibial cartilage, a fragile fibrocartilaginous structure, was frequently affected (34%, 12\/35). Treatment protocols included anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesic drugs, or both (94%, 33\/35), low-level laser therapy (54%, 19\/35), joint immobilization (34%, 12\/35), intra-articular corticoid injections (20%, 7\/35), surgical stabilization (17%, 6\/35), physiotherapy (9%, 3\/35), intra-articular hyaluronic acid (6%, 2\/35) or platelet-rich plasma (3%, 1\/35) injections, and chiropractic care (3%, 1\/35). Overall recovery rate was 49% (17\/35), and the condition was associated with a poor prognosis in chronic cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1647\/d-22-00054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T03:05:10Z","timestamp":1699585510000},"page":"235-242","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Retrospective Study of Intertarsal Joint Inflammation in Avian Species From a Zoological Institution"],"prefix":"10.1647","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Antoine","family":"Leclerc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Goddard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oc\u00e9ane","family":"Graillot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Brunet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baptiste","family":"Mulot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1222","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HR Baron, DN Phalen, MS Gonzalez, \"J Avian Med Surg.\" 32, \"A novel technique for extracapsular repair of the intertarsal joint in a duck.\" 57 (2018)","DOI":"10.1647\/2017-246"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"J Maierl, H-G Liebich, HE K\u00f6nig, \"Avian Anatomy\u2014Textbook and Colour Atlas.\" \"Pelvic limb (membrum pelvinum).\" 62 (2016)"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NU Schaller, B Herkner, R Villa, \"J Anat.\" 214, \"The intertarsal joint of the ostrich (Struthio camelus): anatomical examination and function of passive structures in locomotion.\" 830 (2009)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2009.01083.x"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R MacLean, H Beaufr\u00e8re, B Heggem-Perry, \"J Avian Med Surg.\" 27, \"Presumed reactive polyarthritis and granulomatous vasculitis in a Mississippi sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla).\" 309 (2013)","DOI":"10.1647\/2012-078"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GH. Olsen, \"Handbook of Avian Medicine.\" \"Cranes.\" 243 (2009)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-2874-8.00010-9"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PN Azmanis, MB Wernick, J-M Hatt, \"Vet Q.\" 34, \"Avian luxations: occurrence, diagnosis and treatment.\" 11 (2014)","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2014.905731"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Gjeltema, RS De Voe, LJ Minter, \"Case Rep Vet Med.\" 2017, \"Intertarsal joint stabilization in a Bateleur eagle (Terathopius ecaudatus) using a novel application of a braided suture and titanium button system.\" 7373242 (2017)","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7373242"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KA Linn, AS Templer, JR Paul-Murphy, \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\" 34, \"Ultrasonographic imaging of the sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) intertarsal joint.\" 144 (2003)","DOI":"10.1638\/02-008"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TM Norton and DP Whiteside \"Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine.\" 8, \"Ciconiiformes (herons, ibises, spoonbills, storks).\" 100 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-7397-8.00013-X"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MJ Peel, RSG Torres, M Ivan\u010d\u00ed\u0107, \"Vet Med Sci.\" 8, \"Management of intertarsal septic arthritis in an ostrich (Struthio camelus).\" 125 (2022)","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.643"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RA MacLean and H Beaufr\u00e8re \"Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine.\" 8, \"Gruiformes (cranes, limp-kins, rails, gallinules, coots, bustards).\" 155 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-7397-8.00019-0"}],"container-title":["Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:08:36Z","timestamp":1793423316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery\/volume-37\/issue-3\/D-22-00054\/Retrospective-Study-of-Intertarsal-Joint-Inflammation-in-Avian-Species-From\/10.1647\/D-22-00054.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1647\/d-22-00054","relation":{},"ISSN":["1082-6742","1938-2871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1082-6742","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]}}}