{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:33:00Z","timestamp":1791289980569,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,8]],"date-time":"2016-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460073600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2289,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Paleobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A large sample of the Pikermi and Samos ungulates was examined by microwear analysis using a light stereomicroscope (561 extinct and 809 extant comparative specimens). The results were used to infer the dietary adaptations of individual species and to evaluate the Pikermian Biome ungulate fauna. Many of the bovids have wear consistent with mixed feeding, although a few mesodont taxa apparently enjoyed an exclusive browsing and or grazing diet. The giraffids spanned the entire dietary spectrum of browsing, mixed feeding, and grazing, but most of the three-toed horses (\n                    <jats:italic>Hippotherium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were hypsodont grazers. The colobine monkey\n                    <jats:italic>Mesopithecus pentelici<\/jats:italic>\n                    displays microwear consistent with a mixed fruit and leaf diet most likely including some hard objects. Similar results were obtained from prior scanning electron microscopy microwear studies at 500 times magnification and from the light microscope method at 35 times magnification for the same species. Results show that diet can differ between species that have very similar gross tooth morphology. Our results also suggest that the Pikermian Biome was most likely a woodland mosaic that provided a diversity of opportunities for species that depended on browsing as well as species that ate grass. The grasses were most likely C\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    grasses that would grow in shaded areas of the woodland, glades, and margins of water. The ungulate component of the Pikermi and Samos fauna was more species-rich and more diverse in diet than the ungulates observed in modern African forests, woodlands, or savannas, yet dietarily most similar to the ungulates found in woodland elements of India and to some extent of Africa. It is unlikely that the Pikermi and Samos ungulates inhabited dense forests because we find no evidence for heavy fruit browsing. Conversely, a pure savanna is unlikely because many mixed feeders are present as well as browsers. Extant woodland African species are morphologically and trophically very similar to the African savanna species. Therefore the evolution of grazing and of hypsodont morphology for Africa may have evolved within the Plio-Pleistocene woodlands of Africa. Our results show that major dietary and morphologic ungulate evolution may take place within woodlands rather than as a consequence of species moving into savannas both during the late Miocene of Pikermi and Samos and during the Pleistocene\u2013Recent of Central Africa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373-36.1.113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]],"date-time":"2010-01-05T12:14:19Z","timestamp":1262693659000},"page":"113-136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Dietary interpretation and paleoecology of herbivores from Pikermi and Samos (late Miocene of Greece)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Nikos","family":"Solounias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florent","family":"Rivals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina M.","family":"Semprebon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2007.02.012"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6995(84)80020-0"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref72","first-page":"1319","article-title":"On superspecific groups of some Old World hipparionine horses","volume":"54","author":"Woodburne","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Paleontology"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/230559a0"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref52","first-page":"278","volume-title":"The evolution of artiodactyls","author":"Solounias","year":"2007b"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00531-003-0353-8"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref21","first-page":"735","article-title":"The Miocene basins of Greece (Eastern Mediterranean) from a paleoclimatic perspective","volume":"24","author":"Ioakim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Revue de Pal\u00e9obiologie"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.06.003"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref14","volume-title":"Animaux fossiles et g\u00e9ologie de l'Attique","author":"Gaudry","year":"1862\u20131867"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref10","volume-title":"Neogene of the Old World Database of Fossil Mammals (NOW)","author":"Fortelius","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref51","first-page":"257","volume-title":"The evolution of artiodactyls","author":"Solounias","year":"2007a"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3060512"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1992.10011437"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.06.004"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref12","volume-title":"Geology and paleontology of the Miocene of Sinap Formation, Turkey","author":"Fortelius","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref43","volume-title":"The Miocene mammals of Europe","author":"R\u00f6ssner","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yqres.2007.07.012"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2007.03.030"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2007.06.006"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref7","first-page":"499","article-title":"Paleoecological comparison between late Miocene localities of China and Greece based on Hipparion faunas","volume":"28","author":"Deng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geodiversitas"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref63","first-page":"84","volume-title":"Antelopes, deer, and relatives","author":"Solounias","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504297"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-007-9044-8"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2006)26[495:ACOTDH]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref37","first-page":"909","article-title":"Erste Ergebnisse einer palynologischen Unterschuchung der Lignite von Pikermi\/Attica","volume":"2","author":"Orgeta","year":"1979","journal-title":"Annales G\u00e9ologiques des pays Hell\u00e9niques"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5962\/p.214491","article-title":"Mammalian fossils of Samos and Pikermi, Part 2. Resurrection of a classic Turolian fauna","volume":"50","author":"Solounias","year":"1981b","journal-title":"Annals of the Carnegie Museum"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref46","first-page":"21","article-title":"Die fossilen Cavicornia von Samos","volume":"17","author":"Schlosser","year":"1904","journal-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur Pal\u00e4ontologie und Geologie \u00d6sterreich-Ungarns und des Orients"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S009483730001201X"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref32","volume-title":"Terti\u00e4re Vegetationsgeschichte Europas, Methoden und Ergebnisse","author":"Mai","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref31","volume-title":"Aspects of palynology","author":"Leopold","year":"1969"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Similarity relationship between mammal fauna and biochronology from Latest Miocene to Pleistocene in the Western Mediterranean area","volume":"90","author":"Alberdi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2006.03.028"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref28","first-page":"409","article-title":"The late Miocene mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: New Collection. 17. Palaeoecology\u2013Palaeobiogeography","volume":"31","author":"Koufos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Beitrage zur Pal\u00e4ontologie"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref49","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Turolian fauna from the island of Samos, Greece. With special emphasis on the hyaenids and the bovids","volume":"6","author":"Solounias","year":"1981a","journal-title":"Contributions to Vertebrate Evolution"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref34","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Samos. \u00c9tude g\u00e9ologique, pal\u00e9ontologique et botanique","author":"Major","year":"1892"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2666186"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref19","first-page":"187","article-title":"Preliminary studies of hipparionine horse diet as measured by tooth microwear","volume":"28","author":"Hayek","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annales Zoologici Fennici"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref66","volume-title":"Evolutionary history of primates","author":"Szalay","year":"1979"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref70","first-page":"344","article-title":"\u00dcber terti\u00e4re Rhinocerotiden von Insel Samos (II)","volume":"18","author":"Weber","year":"1905","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Imp\u00e9riale des Naturalistes de Moscou"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-0182(94)90021-3"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02646.x"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6995(03)00008-1"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00206816609474382"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref39","first-page":"125","article-title":"Dental microwear in Mesopithecus pentelici from the late Miocene of Pikermi, Greece","volume":"114","author":"Reitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref20","first-page":"197","article-title":"A radiometrically dated pollen flora from the Upper Miocene of Samos Island, Greece","volume":"28","author":"Ioakim","year":"1985","journal-title":"Revue de Micropal\u00e9ontologie"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref59","first-page":"267","article-title":"Dietary determination of extinct bovids through cranial foraminal analysis, with radiographic applications","volume":"10","author":"Solounias","year":"1999b","journal-title":"Annales Musei Goulandris"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref13","first-page":"675","article-title":"Comparative dietary evaluations of an extinct giraffid (Sivatherium hendeyi) (Mammalia, Giraffidae, Sivatheriinae) from Langebaanweg, South Africa (early Pliocene)","volume":"26","author":"Franz-Odendaal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geodiversitas"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6995(92)80061-H"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref23","first-page":"367","article-title":"An estimation of tooth volume and hypsodonty indices in ungulate mammals, and the correlation of these factors with dietary preference","volume":"53","author":"Janis","year":"1988","journal-title":"M\u00e9moires du Mus\u00e9um National d'Histoire Naturelle, s\u00e9rie C"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref29","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Chinese Hipparion fauna","volume":"13","author":"Kurt\u00e9n","year":"1952","journal-title":"Commentationes Biologicae Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref69","first-page":"477","article-title":"\u00dcber terti\u00e4re Rhinocerotiden von Insel Samos (I)","volume":"17","author":"Weber","year":"1904","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Imp\u00e9riale des Naturalistes de Moscou"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref33","first-page":"1178","article-title":"Sur un gisement d'ossements fossiles dans l'\u00eele de Samos contemporains de l'\u00e2ge de Pikermi","volume":"107","author":"Major","year":"1888","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S\u00e9ances de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences de Paris"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref58","first-page":"291","article-title":"The Miocene gazelle from Greece as a model for detecting Darwinian evolutionary change","volume":"10","author":"Solounias","year":"1999a","journal-title":"Annales Musei Goulandris"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1382445"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref30","volume-title":"The age of mammals","author":"Kurt\u00e9n","year":"1972"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref4","volume-title":"The evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene faunas","author":"Bernor","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6995(80)80052-0"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504049"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2113\/gssgfbull.S7-XIX.3.695"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref45","volume-title":"The deer and the tiger","author":"Schaller","year":"1967"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2008.12.020"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref62","first-page":"427","volume-title":"Evolution of the Neogene terrestrial ecosystems in Europe","author":"Solounias","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-6667(90)90092-W"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref27","article-title":"New excavations in the Neogene mammalian localities of Mytilinii Samos Island, Greece","volume":"19","author":"Koufos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geodiversitas"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref15","first-page":"231","article-title":"The earliest goats and other antelopes from the Samos Hipparion fauna","volume":"20","author":"Gentry","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Geology)"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1206\/0003-0082(2002)366<0001:AITROU>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2395199"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10292389409380454"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref16","first-page":"13","article-title":"Revision des Rhinocerotinae (Mammalia) du Turolien de Pikermi. Comparaison avec les formes voisines","volume":"74","author":"Geraads","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annales de Pal\u00e9ontologie"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref18","first-page":"61","article-title":"La s\u00e9rie \u201cLevantine\u201d du Cap Phocas (\u00cele de Kos, Dod\u00e9canaise, Gr\u00e8ce): Stragigraphie, palynologie, et pal\u00e9o\u00e9cologie","volume":"19","author":"Guernet","year":"1976","journal-title":"Revue de Micropal\u00e9ontologie"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1206\/0003-0082(2000)301<0001:FCOUMU>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-005-5324-4"},{"key":"S0094837300021072_ref64","first-page":"417","article-title":"The Samos Hipparion","volume":"74","author":"Sondaar","year":"1971","journal-title":"Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen B"}],"container-title":["Paleobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0094837300021072","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T16:10:47Z","timestamp":1770739847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0094837300021072\/type\/journal_article"},"secondary":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.bioone.org\/doi\/10.1666\/0094-8373-36.1.113","label":"BIOONE"}]},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}},"alternative-id":["S0094837300021072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1666\/0094-8373-36.1.113","relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-8373","1938-5331"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-8373","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-5331","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}}}