{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T09:33:16Z","timestamp":1793439196740,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Radiation Research Society","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) is a preclinical irradiation technique which could be used to treat intracranial malignancies. The goal of this work was to discern differences in gene expression and the predicted regulation of molecular pathways in the brainstem after MRT versus synchrotron broad-beam radiation therapy (SBBR). Healthy C57BL\/6 mice received whole-head irradiation with median acute toxic doses of MRT (241 Gy peak dose) or SBBR (13 Gy). Brains were harvested 4 and 48 h postirradiation and RNA was extracted from the brainstem. RNA-sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (false discovery rate &lt; 0.01) relative to nonirradiated controls and significantly regulated molecular pathways and biological functions were identified (Benjamini-Hochberg corrected P &lt; 0.05). Differentially expressed genes and regulated pathways largely reflected a pro-inflammatory response 4 h after both MRT and SBBR which was sustained at 48 h postirradiation for MRT. Pathways relating to radiation-induced viral mimicry, including HMGB1, NF-\u03baB and interferon signaling cascades, were predicted to be uniquely activated by MRT. Local microglia, as well as circulating leukocytes, including T cells, were predicted to be activated by MRT. Our findings affirm that the transcriptomic signature of MRT is distinct from broad-beam radiotherapy, with a sustained inflammatory and immune response up to 48 h postirradiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1667\/rade-20-00082.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T04:37:15Z","timestamp":1632803835000},"page":"355-365","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Spatially Fractionated X-Ray Microbeams Elicit a More Sustained Immune and Inflammatory Response in the Brainstem than Homogenous Irradiation"],"prefix":"10.1667","volume":"196","author":[{"given":"Lloyd M. L.","family":"Smyth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey C.","family":"Crosbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Sloggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Bioinformatics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A. W.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline F.","family":"Donoghue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1243","reference":[{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JA Laissue, H Blattmann, HP Wagner, et al.  \"Dev Med Child Neurol.\"  49, \"Prospects for microbeam radiation therapy of brain tumours in children to reduce neurological sequelae.\" 577 (2007)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00577.x"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Schultke, BH Juurlink, K Ataelmannan, et al.  \"Eur J Radiol.\"  68, \"Memory and survival after microbeam radiation 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\"Differential expression analysis of multifactor RNA-Seq experiments with respect to biological variation.\" 4288 (2012)","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks042"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SC Formenti, N-P Rudqvist, E Golden, et al.  \"Nat Med.\"  24, \"Radiotherapy induces responses of lung cancer to CTLA-4 blockade.\" 1845 (2018)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0232-2"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RR Weichselbaum, H Liang, L Deng, et al.  \"Nat Rev Clin Oncol.\"  14, \"Radiotherapy and immunotherapy: a beneficial liaison?\" 365 (2017)","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.211"}],"container-title":["Radiation Research"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T08:52:47Z","timestamp":1793436767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/radiation-research\/volume-196\/issue-4\/RADE-20-00082.1\/Spatially-Fractionated-X-Ray-Microbeams-Elicit-a-More-Sustained-Immune\/10.1667\/RADE-20-00082.1.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1667\/rade-20-00082.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-7587","1938-5404"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-7587","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-5404","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]}}}