{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T07:33:27Z","timestamp":1793432007668,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Radiation Research Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Radiation worker studies provide direct estimates of cancer risk after protracted low-dose exposures to external X-ray and gamma-ray irradiations. The National Registry for Radiation Workers (NRRW) started in 1976 and has become the largest epidemiological program of research on nuclear workers in the UK. Here, we report on the relationship between solid cancer incidence and external radiation at the low-dose levels in 172,452 NRRW cohort members of whom (90%) were men. This study is based on 5.25 million person-years of follow-up from 1955 through the end of 2011. In the range of accumulated low doses two-thirds of workers have doses of less than 10 mSv. This study is an updated analysis of solid cancer incidence data with an additional 10 years of follow-up over the previous analysis of the NRRW cohort (NRRW-3). A total of 18,310 cases of solid cancers based on a 10-year lag were registered and of these 43% of the solid cancer cases occurred during the latest 10 years. Poisson regression was used to investigate the relationship between solid cancers risk and protracted chronic low-dose radiation exposure. This study demonstrated for solid cancers a rapid decrease of risk at high external doses that appeared to be driven by the workers who were monitored for potential exposure to internal emitters and who had also received relatively high external doses. Among cohort members only exposed to external radiation, a strong association was found between external dose and solid cancers (ERR\/Sv = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.11; 0.96, based on 13,199 cases). A similar pattern is also seen for lung cancer. Excluding lung cancer from the grouping of all solid cancers resulted in evidence of a linear association with external radiation dose (ERR\/Sv = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.01; 0.49, based on 15,035 cases), so suggesting some degree of confounding by smoking. Statistically significantly increasing trends with dose were seen for cancers of the colorectal, bladder and pleura cancer. Some of these results should be treated with caution because of the limited corroborating evidence from other published studies. Information on internal doses as well as non-radiation factors such smoking would be helpful to make more definitive inferences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1667\/rade-20-00269.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T16:17:50Z","timestamp":1650644270000},"page":"1-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Extended analysis of solid cancer incidence among the Nuclear Industry Workers in the UK: 1955\u20132011"],"prefix":"10.1667","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"Nezahat","family":"Hunter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard G.E.","family":"Haylock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gillies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1243","reference":[{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Sokolnikov, D Preston, E Gilbert, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  10, \"Radiation effects on mortality from solid cancers other than lung, liver, and bone cancer in the Mayak worker cohort: 1948\u20132008.\" e0117784 (2015)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117784"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RGE Haylock, M Gillies, N Hunter, et al.  \"Br J Cancer.\"  119, \"Cancer mortality and incidence following external occupational radiation exposure: an update of the 3rd analysis of the UK national registry for radiation workers.\" 631 (2018)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0184-9"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EJ Grant, A Brenner, H Sugiyama, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  187, \"Solid cancer incidence among the Life Span Study of Atomic Bomb Survivors: 1958\u20132009.\" 513 (2017)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14492.1"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Cologne, J Kim, H Sugiyama, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  192, \"Effect of heterogeneity in background incidence on inference about the solid-cancer radiation dose response in atomic bomb survivors.\" 388 (2019)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR15127.1"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CR Muirhead, JA O'Hagan, RGE Haylock, et al.  \"Br J Cancer.\"  100, \"Mortality and cancer incidence following occupational radiation exposure: Third analysis of the National Registry for Radiation Workers.\" 206 (2009)","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604825"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DB Richardson, E Cardis, RD Daniels, et al.  \"BMJ.\"  351, \"Risk of cancer from occupational exposure to ionising radiation: retrospective cohort study of workers in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States (INWORKS).\" 53 (2015)","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h5359"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"CR Muirhead, JA O'Hagan, RGE Haylock, et al.  \"Third Analysis of the National Registry for Radiation Workers: Occupational Exposure to Ionising Radiation in Relation to Mortality and Cancer Incidence.\"  (2009)"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"\"International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems.\"  (1977)"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W Zhang, RGE Haylock, M Gillies, et al.  \"JRP.\"  39, \"Mortality from heart diseases following occupational radiation exposure: analysis of the National Registry for Radiation Workers (NRRW) in the United Kingdom.\" 327 (2019)","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/ab02b2"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Gillies, R Haylock, N Hunter, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  192, \"Risk of leukaemia associated with protracted low-dose radiation exposure: updated results from the National Registry for radiation workers study.\" 527 (2019)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR15358.1"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"DL Preston, JH Lubin, DA Pierce, et al.  \"EPICURE version 2 user guide.\"  (2015)"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Hunter, I S Kuznetsova, E V Labutina, et al.  \"Br J Cancer.\"  109, \"Solid cancer incidence other than lung, liver and bone in Mayak workers: 1948-2004.\" 1989 (2013)","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.543"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EK Cahoon, DL Preston, DA Pierce, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  187, \"Lung, laryngeal and other respiratory cancer incidence among Japanese Atomic Bomb survivors: an update analysis from 1958 through 2009.\" 538 (2017)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14583.1"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DO Stram, M Sokolnikov, BA Napier, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  195, \"Lung cancer in the Mayak workers cohort: Risk estimation and uncertainty analysis.\" 334 (2021)","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-20-00094.1"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Gillies, IS Kuznetsova, M Sokolnikov, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  188, \"Lung cancer risk from plutonium: A pooled analysis of the Mayak and Sellafield worker cohorts\" 725 (2017)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14719.1"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DB Richardson, E Cardis, R D Daniels, et al.  \"Epidemiology.\"  29, \"Site-specific solid cancer mortality after exposure to ionising radiation (INWORKS).\" 40 (2018)","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000761"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DB Richardson, E Cardis, R D Daniels, et al.  \"Epidemiology.\"  29, \"Site-specific solid cancer mortality after exposure to ionising radiation (INWORKS).\" 40 (2018)","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000761"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I Thierry-Chef, D B Richardsonb, R D Danielsc, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  183, \"Dose estimation for a study of nuclear workers in France, the United Kingdom and the United States of America: Methods for the International Nuclear Workers Study (INWORKS).\" 632 (2015)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14006.1"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Grellier, W Atkinson, P B\u00e9rard, et al.  \"Epidemiology.\"  28, \"Risk of lung cancer mortality in Nuclear Workers from internal exposure to alpha particle emitting radionuclides.\" 675 (2017)","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000684"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Akiba  and S Mizuno  \"JRP.\"  32, \"The third analysis of cancer mortality among Japanese nuclear workers, 1991-2002: estimation of excess relative risk per radiation dose.\" 73 (2012)","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/32\/1\/73"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LB Zablotska, RSD Lane, P A Thompson,  \"Br J Cancer.\"  110, \"A reanalysis of cancer mortality in Canadian nuclear workers (1956-1994) based on revised exposure and cohort data.\" 214 (2014)","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.592"},{"key":"21","unstructured":"E Cardis, M Vrisheid, M Blettner, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  167, \"The 15-country collaborative study of cancer risk among radiation workers in the nuclear industry: estimates of radiation-related cancer risks.\" 396 (2007)"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Richardson, S Wing, K Steenland, et al.  \"Ann Epidemiol.\"  14, \"Time-related aspects of the healthy worker survivor effect.\" 633 (2004)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2003.09.019"},{"key":"23","unstructured":"\"Effects of Ionizing Radiation. UNSCEAR 2006 Report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes.\"  (2008)"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Furukawa, DL Preston, S L\u00f6nn, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  174, \"Radiation and smoking effects on lung cancer incidence among atomic bomb survivors.\" 72 (2010)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2083.1"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Hunter, CR Muirhead, L Tomasek, et al.  \"Health Phy.\"  104, \"Joint analysis of three European nested case-control studies of lung cancer among radon exposed miners: exposure restricted to below 300WLM.\" 282 (2013)","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e3182765857"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Leuraud, M Schnelzer, L Tomasek, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  176, \"Radon, smoking and lung cancer risk: results of a joint analysis of three European case-control studies among uranium miners.\" 375 (2011)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2377.1"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Darby, D Hill, A Auvinen, et al.  \"Br. Med. J.\"  330, \"Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies.\" 223 (2005)","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38308.477650.63"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ES Gilbert, ME Sokolnikov, DL Preston, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  179, \"Lung cancer from plutonium: an updated analysis of data from the Mayak worker Cohort.\" 332 (2013)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3054.1"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E V Labutina, I S Kuznetsova, N Hunter, et al.  \"Health Phys.\"  105, \"Radiation risks of malignant neoplasm in organs of main deposition for plutonium in the cohort of Mayak workers with regard to histological types.\" 165 (2013)","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e31828f57df"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AE Riddell, WP Battersby, MS Peace, et al.  \"J Radiol Prot.\"  20, \"The assessment of organ doses for plutonium for an epidemiological study of the Sellafield workforce.\" 275 (2000)","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/20\/3\/302"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Doll, R Peto, J Boreham, et al.  \"Br Med J.\"  328, \"Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors.\" 1519 (2004)","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38142.554479.AE"},{"key":"32","unstructured":"\"World Cancer Report: Cancer research for cancer prevention.\"  (2020)"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Hauptmann, RD Daniels, E Cardis, et al.  \"J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr.\"  56, \"Epidemiological studies of low-dose ionizing radiation and cancer: summary bias assessment and meta-analysis.\" 188 (2020)","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgaa010"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DL Preston, E Ron, S Tokuoka, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  168, \"Solid cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors:1958\u20131998.\" 1 (2007)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0763.1"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Giovannucci  and K Wu  \"Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention.\"  \"Cancers of the colon and rectum.\" 809 (2006)","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195149616.003.0042"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H Sugiyama, M Misumi, A Brenner, et al.  \"Int J Cancer.\"  146, \"Radiation risk of incident colorectal cancer by anatomical site among atomic bomb survivors: 1958\u20132009\" 635 (2020)","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32275"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MK Schubauer-Berigan, RD Daniels, SJ Bertke, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  183, \"Cancer mortality through 2005 among a pooled cohort of U.S. nuclear workers exposed to external radiation.\" 620 (2015)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR13988.1"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Boffetta  and LT Stayner  \"IN Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention.\"  \"Pleural and peritoneal.\" 659 (2006)","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195149616.003.0034"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DE. Fletcher,  \"Br J Ind Med.\"  29, \"A mortality study of shipyard workers with pleural plaques.\" 142 (1972)","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.29.2.142"}],"container-title":["Radiation Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/radiation-research\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1667\/RADE-20-00269.1\/3048063\/10.1667_rade-20-00269.1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/radiation-research\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1667\/RADE-20-00269.1\/3048063\/10.1667_rade-20-00269.1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T07:27:03Z","timestamp":1793431623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/radiation-research\/volume-198\/issue-1\/RADE-20-00269.1\/Extended-analysis-of-solid-cancer-incidence-among-the-Nuclear-Industry\/10.1667\/RADE-20-00269.1.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1667\/rade-20-00269.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-7587","1938-5404"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-7587","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-5404","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]}}}