{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T08:35:24Z","timestamp":1793435724361,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Radiation Research Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Several studies have reported differences in radiation toxicity between the sexes, but these differences have not been tested with respect to histopathology and genes. This animal study aimed to show an association between histopathological findings of radiation-induced lung toxicity and the genes ATM, SOD2, TGF-\u03b21, XRCC1, XRCC3 and HHR2. In all, 120 animals were randomly divided into 2 control groups (male and female) and experimental groups comprising fifteen rats stratified by sex, radiotherapy (0 Gy vs. 10 Gy), and time to sacrifice (6, 12, and 24 weeks postirradiation). Histopathological evaluations for lung injury, namely, intra-alveolar edema, alveolar neutrophils, intra-alveolar erythrocytes, activated macrophages, intra-alveolar fibrosis, hyaline arteriosclerosis, and collapse were performed under a light microscope using a grid system; the evaluations were semi quantitatively scored. Then, the alveolar wall thickness was measured. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to determine gene expression differences in ATM, TGF-\u03b21, XRCC1, XRCC3, SOD2 and HHR2L among the groups. Histopathological data showed that radiation-induced acute, subacute, and chronic lung toxicity were worse in male rats. The expression levels of the evaluated genes were significantly higher in females than males in the control group, but this difference was lost over time after radiotherapy. Less toxicity in females may be attributable to the fact that the expression of the evaluated genes was higher in normal lung tissue in females than in males and the changes in gene expression patterns in the postradiotherapy period played a protective role in females. Additional data related to pulmonary function, lung weights, imaging, or outcomes are needed to support this data that is based on histopathology alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1667\/rade-21-00075.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T15:14:58Z","timestamp":1636038898000},"page":"280-288","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Does Gender Difference Effect Radiation-Induced Lung Toxicity? An Experimental Study by Genetic and Histopathological Predictors"],"prefix":"10.1667","volume":"197","author":[{"given":"Rusen","family":"Cosar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Edirne, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaattin","family":"Ozen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Eskisehir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebru","family":"Tastekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Edirne, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Necdet","family":"Sut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Edirne, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suat","family":"Cakina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canakkale 18 Mart University Health Service Vocational College, Canakkale, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selma","family":"Demir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Edirne, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sule","family":"Parlar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Edirne, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilek","family":"Nurlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Edirne, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Kavuzlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Edirne, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zafer","family":"Ko\u00e7ak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Edirne, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1243","reference":[{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KD Thrall, S Mahendra, MK Jackson, et al.  \"Health Phys.\"  116, \"A comparative dose-response relationship between sexes for mortality and morbidity of radiation-induced lung injury in the rhesus macaque.\" (2019)","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000000925"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I Koturbash, K Kutanzi, K Hendrickson, et al.  \"Mutat Res.\"  642, \"Radiation-induced bystander effects in vivo are sex specific.\" 28 (2008)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2008.04.002"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IR Miousse, KR Kutanzi, I Koturbash,  \"Int J Radiat Biol.\"  93, \"Effects of ionizing radiation on DNA methylation: from experimental biology to clinical applications.\" 457 (2017)","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2017.1287454"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Agbenyegah, M Abend, MJ Atkinson, et al.  \"Radiat Res.\"  190, \"Impact of inter-individual variance in the expression of a radiation-responsive gene panel used for triage.\" 226 (2018)","DOI":"10.1667\/RR15013.1"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CN Andreassen, LM Schack, LV Laursen, et al.  \"Cancer Lett.\"  382, \"Radiogenomics - 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